Economic globalization is characterized by increased liberalization, privatization and deregulation of national economies, principally imposed via the International Monetary Funds and World Banks structural adjustment programs and poverty reduction strategies. The rationale for these strategies includes reducing the inflation rate, generating income to service debt payments, and increasing growth to combat poverty. Nicaragua, the second poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, has been under structural adjustment and poverty reduction strategies since 1991. Forty-eight percent of the country is under the nationally defined poverty line. Under- and unemployment are a combined 60%. Migration is an oft-used survival strategy, with 7 out of 10 Nicaraguan migrants choosing to go to Costa Rica. The Nicaraguan Migration Network estimates a minimum 350,000 Nicaraguans in Costa Rica at any one time. Women bear a disproportional burden of the health inequalities that globalization- induced, employment-seeking migration causes. While there is already evidence showing that their health is negatively affected, there is no documentation in their own words of how they experience and understand these impacts. A qualitative study using interpretive description conducted 12 interviews and 2 participatory group activity sessions to explore how women understand their migration experiences and its health impacts. Results show structural and personal level causes and both beneficial and harmful effects. Explanations of causes include structural and cultural reasons. Migration affects women in particular ways due to gendered social and cultural roles within a polarized economic environment. It was difficult for participants to identify if the costs of migration were worth the benefits. A document analysis of structural adjustment agreements and poverty reduction strategy papers was also undertaken. Results show consistent limitations on the Nicaraguan governments social spending budget, increased privatization and liberalization requirements, and specific amounts for debt service payments. The countrys currency is regularly devalued and there are limits on tariff barriers. In conclusion, it is clear that women are absorbing the cost of SAPs and PRSs at the household level and that migration is negatively affecting their health.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:LACETR/oai:collectionscanada.gc.ca:SSU.etd-09192006-195119 |
| Date | 20 September 2006 |
| Creators | Johnson, Madeline J |
| Contributors | Williams, Lewis, Muhajarine, Nazeem, Labonte, Ronald, Green, Kathryn |
| Publisher | University of Saskatchewan |
| Source Sets | Library and Archives Canada ETDs Repository / Centre d'archives des thèses électroniques de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | http://library.usask.ca/theses/available/etd-09192006-195119/ |
| Rights | unrestricted, I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained and attached hereto a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted is the same as that approved by my advisory committee. I hereby grant to University of Saskatchewan or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified below, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report. |
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