<p> In late 1877, John Fryer Thomas Keane set out on a journey few Christian Europeans had attempted—completing the <i>h&dotbelow;ajj,</i> or pilgrimage, to Mecca. While some Europeans had undertaken this pilgrimage as Muslims, Keane donned the guise of an Indian Muslim instead of converting to Islam outright. From the <i>h&dotbelow;ajj</i> of Italian Ludovico di Varthema in the early sixteenth century to the nineteenth century travels of Englishmen Sir Richard F. Burton and John Lewis Burkhardt, a select few Westerners embarked upon <i>h&dotbelow;ajj</i> disguised as Muslims in order to reveal the nature of this restricted Islamic ritual practice. After completion of his <i>h&dotbelow;ajj</i>, Keane detailed his journey in a two-volume set. Given his youth and general lack of experience, Keane stands out as a unique, and understudied, traveler among England’s nineteenth century disguised <i>h&dotbelow;ajjis.</i> He represented a new form of non-Muslim <i>h&dotbelow;ajji,</i> that of the tourist, who performed the pilgrimage, not out of any academic or imperial needs or wants, but for their own personal enlightenment, adventure, or gain. His <i>h&dotbelow;ajj</i> also demonstrates the growing global interconnectedness of the late nineteenth century. In this thesis, I outline how studying Keane affects our understanding of late nineteenth century Western exploration in Arabia.</p><p>
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:PROQUEST/oai:pqdtoai.proquest.com:10283350 |
| Date | 28 July 2017 |
| Creators | Crisp, Nicole J. |
| Publisher | The George Washington University |
| Source Sets | ProQuest.com |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | thesis |
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