by Cheung Kit Hing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-199). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstracts --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.xviii / List of Plates --- p.xxii / List of Tables --- p.xxiii / Abbreviations --- p.xxv / Equations --- p.xxviii / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The chemistry of azo dyes --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Azo dyes classification --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Environmental concerns and toxicity --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Toxicity of azo dyes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Carcinogenicity --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Ecotoxicity --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Toxicity to microorganisms --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Toxicity towards vertebrates --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Treatment of azo dyes --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Physical treatment --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Adsorption --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Membrane technology --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Chemical treatments --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Chlorination --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Fenton's reaction --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2.3 --- Ozonation --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2.4 --- Coagulation --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Biological treatments --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Activated sludge process --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- Biodegradation --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3.3 --- Biosorption --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.3.3.1 --- Modeling of sorption --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.3.3.1.1 --- Langmuir sorption model --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.3.3.1.2 --- Freundlich sorption model --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Advanced oxidation processes --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.4.1 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.4.2 --- Titanium dioxide (TiO2) --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.4.3 --- Mechanism of photocatalytic oxidation using photocatalyst TiO2 --- p.28 / Chapter 1.4.4.4 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of s-triazine containing compounds --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4.4.5 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4.4.6 --- Cyanuric acid --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.1 --- Application --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.2 --- Toxicity --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.3 --- Photocatalytic oxidation resistance --- p.34 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.4 --- Biodegradation --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.4.7 --- Enhancement of photocatalytic oxidation by using sorbent immobilized with TiO2 --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.4.7.1 --- Sorption --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.4.7.2 --- Immobilization of TiO2 --- p.37 / Chapter 1.4.8 --- Integration of treatment methods --- p.39 / Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.41 / Chapter 3. --- Materials and methods --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1. --- Sorption --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Determination of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Sampling --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Isolation of Procion Red MX-5B-sorbing bacteria --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Identification of isolated bacterium --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Optimization of cell yield and sorption capacity --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.1 --- Preparation of cell culture of Vibrio sp. --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.2 --- Growth phase --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.2.1 --- Growth curve --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.2.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.3 --- Initial pH --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.7.3.1 --- Growth curve --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.7.3.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.7.4 --- Temperature --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.4.1 --- Growth curve --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.4.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.5 --- Glucose concentrations --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.5.1 --- Growth curve --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.5.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Optimization of sorption process --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.1 --- Preparation of sorbent --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.2 --- Dry weight of sorbent --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.3 --- Temperature --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.4 --- Agitation rate --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.5 --- Salinity --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.8.6 --- Initial pH --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.8.7 --- Concentration of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.8.8 --- Combination study of salinity and initial pH --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2. --- Photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Photocatalytic reactor --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Optimization of sorption and photocatalytic oxidation reactions using biomass of Vibrio sp.immobilized in calcium alginate beads --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Effect of dry weight of immobilized cells of Vibrio sp. --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.1 --- Sorption --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Effect of UV intensities --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentrations --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.3.1 --- Sorption --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.3.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Effect of H202 concentrations --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.5 --- Effect of the number of beads --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.5.1 --- Sorption --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.5.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.6 --- Effect of initial pH with and without the addition of H2O2 --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.7 --- Control experiments for photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3.8 --- Combinational study of UV intensities and H2O2 concentrations --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3.9 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B under optimal conditions --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3.10 --- "Sorption isotherms of calcium alginate beads immobilized with 70 mg Vibrio sp. and 5,000 mg/L TiO2" --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Sampling --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Enrichment --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Isolation of cyanuric acid-utilizing bacteria --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Determination of cyanuric acid --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Screening of cyanuric acid-utilizing ability --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Bacterial identification --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- Growth and cyanuric acid removal efficiency of the selected bacterium --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.10 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.10.1 --- Effect of salinity --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.10.2 --- Effect of cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.10.3 --- Effect of temperature --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.10.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.10.5 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.10.6 --- Effect of initial glucose concentration --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.10.7 --- Combinational study of glucose and cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4 --- Detection of cyanuric acid formed in photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.66 / Chapter 3.5 --- "Integration of sorption, photocatalytic oxidation and biodegradation" --- p.67 / Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1. --- Sorption --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Determination of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Isolation of Procion Red MX-5B-sorbing bacteria --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Identification of isolated bacterium --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Optimization of cell yield and sorption capacity --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.1 --- Growth phase --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.1.1 --- Growth curve --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.1.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.2 --- Initial pH --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.2.1 --- Growth curve --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.2.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.3 --- Temperature --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.3.1 --- Growth curve --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.3.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.5.4 --- Glucose concentrations --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.5.4.1 --- Growth curve --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.5.4.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- Optimization of sorption process --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.6.1 --- Dry weight of sorbent --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.6.2 --- Temperature --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.6.3 --- Agitation rate --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.6.4 --- Salinity --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.6.5 --- Initial pH --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.6.6 --- Concentration of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.90 / Chapter 4.1.6.7 --- Combination study of salinity and initial pH --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2. --- Photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effect of dry weight of immobilized cells of Vibrio sp. --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Sorption --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of UV intensities --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentrations --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Sorption --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effect of H2O2 concentrations --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Effect of the number of beads --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Sorption --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Effect of initial pH with and without the addition of --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Control experiments for photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Combinational study of UV intensities and H202 concentrations --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B under optimal conditions --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- "Sorption isotherms of calcium alginate beads immobilized with 70 mg Vibrio sp. and 5,000 mg/L Ti02" --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Isolation of cyanuric acid-utilizing bacteria --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Determination of cyanuric acid --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Screening of cyanuric acid-utilizing ability --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Bacterial identification --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Growth and cyanuric acid removal efficiency of the selected bacterium --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.7.1 --- Effect of salinity --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.7.2 --- Effect of cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.7.3 --- Effect of temperature --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3.7.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3.7.5 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.7.6 --- Effect of initial glucose concentration --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.7.7 --- Combinational study of glucose and cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4 --- Detection of cyanuric acid formed in photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.137 / Chapter 4.5 --- "Integration of sorption, photocatalytic oxidation and biodegradation" --- p.137 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1 --- Sorption --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Isolation of Procion Red MX-5B-sorbing bacteria --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Identification of isolated bacterium --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Optimization of cell yield and sorption capacity --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1.4.1 --- Growth phase --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1.4.1.1 --- Growth curve --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1.4.1.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.143 / Chapter 5.1.4.2 --- Initial pH --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.2.1 --- Growth curve --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.2.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.3 --- Temperature --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.3.1 --- Growth curve --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.3.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.4.4 --- Glucose concentrations --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.4.4.1 --- Growth curve --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.4.4.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Optimization of sorption process --- p.148 / Chapter 5.1.5.1 --- Dry weight of sorbent --- p.148 / Chapter 5.1.5.2 --- Temperature --- p.148 / Chapter 5.1.5.3 --- Agitation rate --- p.149 / Chapter 5.1.5.4 --- Salinity --- p.149 / Chapter 5.1.5.5 --- Initial pH --- p.150 / Chapter 5.1.5.6 --- Concentration of Procion Red MX-5B (MX-5B) --- p.152 / Chapter 5.1.5.7 --- Combination study of salinity and initial pH --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2. --- Photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of immobilized cells of Vibrio sp. --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Sorption --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.154 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of UV intensities --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentrations --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.3.1 --- Sorption --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.3.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Effect of H2O2 concentrations --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Effect of the number of beads --- p.157 / Chapter 5.2.5.1 --- Sorption --- p.157 / Chapter 5.2.5.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Effect of initial pH with and without the addition of --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Control experiments for photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- Combinational study of UV intensities and H202 concentrations --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.9 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B under optimal conditions --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.10 --- "Sorption isotherms of calcium alginate beads immobilized with 70 mg Vibrio sp. and 5,000 mg/L Ti02" --- p.161 / Chapter 5.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.162 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Isolation of cyanuric acid-utilizing bacteria --- p.162 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Determination of cyanuric acid --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Screening of cyanuric acid-utilizing ability --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Bacterial identification --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Growth and cyanuric acid removal efficiency of the selected bacterium --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.7 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3.7.1 --- Effect of salinity --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3.7.2 --- Effect of cyanuric acid concentration --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3.7.3 --- Effect of temperature --- p.166 / Chapter 5.3.7.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.7.5 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.7.6 --- Effect of initial glucose concentration --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.7.7 --- Combinational study of glucose and cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.168 / Chapter 5.4 --- Detection of cyanuric acid formed in photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.170 / Chapter 5.5 --- "Integration of sorption, photocatalytic oxidation and biodegradation" --- p.171 / Chapter 5.6 --- Recommendations --- p.171 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.173 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.175 / Appendix --- p.200
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:cuhk.edu.hk/oai:cuhk-dr:cuhk_325139 |
| Date | January 2005 |
| Contributors | Cheung, Kit Hing., Chinese University of Hong Kong Graduate School. Division of Biology. |
| Source Sets | The Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Language | English, Chinese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Text, bibliography |
| Format | print, xxviii, 201 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. |
| Rights | Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) |
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