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Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Introduction and Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) is a complex infectious disease that can occur in any age group. When the host comes in contact with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) the immune response of the organism may be sufficient to prevent the disease, resulting in total destruction of the bacteria or establishment of latency, termed latent tuberculosis (TBL). Due to the difficulty in demonstrating MTB in the clinical specimens of the child, the diagnosis of TB disease is based on the clinical, epidemiological and radiological bases associated with the interpretation of the cutaneous tuberculin (TT) test. In this context, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, mostly latent, represents an important reservoir for reactivation of the disease. This contingent is sufficient to continue generating new cases for many decades, even if the chain of transmission is interrupted. Thus, the precise definition of the criteria for diagnosis of latent TB has great relevance and TT is an important tool. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of the neonatal BCG vaccine on the tuberculin skin test cutaneous reaction and to define cutoff points to detect tuberculosis in the first two years of life.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in children from the municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul, who met the inclusion criteria of the study: infants up to 2 years of age who received BCG vaccine during the neonatal period. Exclusion criteria were birth weight <2,000 grams, being the mother of HIV positive mother, or mother with persistence of tuberculosis in the perinatal period, or cases where there was evidence of primary immunodeficiency, absence of BCG vaccine scar after 6 months of life, in addition to TB research and TB contact. The children were identified and included through the authorization of the person responsible, explaining the project and accepting the consent term. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Santa Cruz Hospital, where patient data were collected and the University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC). The variable under study was the cutaneous induration reaction of the tuberculin test, in the first two years post-vaccination, using different cutoff points. A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed. Numerical variables were represented by mean and standard deviation and categorical variables by means of absolute number and percentage. To describe the data, we used means and standard deviation, or median and interquartile range for the quantitative variables; percentage for qualitative variables. For analysis of the Tuberculin Test, the sample was submitted to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), with significance level of p?0.05. The data analyzed in the SPSS Program 17.0.
Results: Potentially eligible participants totaled 808, of which 90 were selected from the inclusion / exclusion criteria. Data collected included demographic characteristics, nutritional indexes, vaccination status and previous exposure to TB. TTs were administered and induration measured after 48-72 hours. The selected ones were of both sexes, with ages varying between 3 and 24 months. Of these, eleven were excluded because they did not attend the reading of the tuberculin test (TT), resulting in a sample of 79 patients. The median age was 9.5 months for boys and 11 months for girls. It was divided into 3 groups according to the age range: between 3-9 months (group 1), 10-18 months (group 2) and 19-24 months of age (group 3). We found that, when comparing the 3 groups, we showed a decrease in the mean response to tuberculin as the age group progresses, presenting statistical significance (p = 0.041). Considering the probable absence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the sample of patients included in the study, we observed that the tuberculin test with the highest reaction occurs in group 1. From the age of 10 months, no patient shows a reaction to the tuberculin test above 5 mm. The finding shows the decline in the tuberculin reaction curve in the first year of life. A complementary analysis was performed excluding patients who did not present an induration reaction (TT = 0 mm), and 28 patients were excluded from the interpretation. The 51 patients with Test Tuberculin reactor were divided into the same 3 groups according to age group. Between 3-9 months (group 1), 10-18 months (group 2) and 19-24 months of age (group 3), we found that when comparing the 3 groups, again we showed a decrease in the reaction to tuberculin according to age progresses, presenting significance (p = 0.031). We found that there were no adverse effects, described in the literature, in patients who underwent the Tuberculin Test.
Conclusions: Based on the data from the study, we demonstrated that the induration reaction occurs in the tuberculin test in the first 12 months of age in previously healthy and BCG-vaccinated patients in the neonatal period. Therefore our results suggest that the cutoff point could be modified from 10mm to 5mm of induration after 12 months of age, improving the specificity of the TT diagnostic test to identify cases of TB infection. This reevaluation of the lowest cutoff point in the first two years of life may prevent inappropriate management in patients with tuberculosis. / Introdu??o e Objetivos: A tuberculose (TB) ? uma doen?a infecciosa complexa, podendo ocorrer em qualquer faixa et?ria. Quando o hospedeiro entra em contato com o Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) a resposta imunit?ria do organismo pode ser suficiente para evitar a doen?a, ocorrendo destrui??o total das bact?rias ou estabelecimento de um estado de lat?ncia, denominado de tuberculose latente (TBL). Devido ? dificuldade em demonstrar MTB nos esp?cimes cl?nicos da crian?a, o diagn?stico da TB doen?a ? fundamentado em bases cl?nicas, epidemiol?gicas e radiol?gicas associados ? interpreta??o do teste tubercul?nico (TT) cut?neo. Neste contexto, verifica-se que a infec??o pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis, na sua maioria forma latente, representa um importante reservat?rio de reativa??o da doen?a. Este contingente ? suficiente para continuar gerando novos casos por muitas d?cadas, mesmo que a cadeia de transmiss?o seja interrompida. Dessa forma, a defini??o precisa dos crit?rios para diagn?stico de TB latente tem grande relev?ncia e o TT ? uma importante ferramenta. O objetivo do estudo ? avaliar o efeito da vacina BCG neonatal na rea??o de endura??o cut?nea do Teste Tubercul?nico e definir pontos de corte para detectar tuberculose nos dois primeiros anos de vida.
M?todos: Estudo transversal, em crian?as do munic?pio de Santa Cruz do Sul, que se adequaram aos crit?rios de inclus?o do estudo: lactentes at? 2 anos de idade que receberam vacina BCG durante o per?odo neonatal. Crit?rios de exclus?o foram: peso ao nascimento <2,000 gramas, ser filho de m?e HIV positiva, ou m?e com vig?ncia de tuberculose no per?odo perinatal, ou ainda os casos em que houve evid?ncia de imunodefici?ncia prim?ria, aus?ncia de cicatriz vacinal de BCG ap?s 6 meses de vida, al?m de investiga??o de TB e contato de TB. As crian?as foram identificadas e inclu?das atrav?s de autoriza??o do respons?vel, mediante explica??o do projeto e aceita??o do termo de consentimento. O projeto foi aprovado pela Comiss?o de ?tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Santa Cruz, onde foi realizada a coleta de dados dos pacientes e Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC). A vari?vel em estudo foi a rea??o de endura??o cut?nea do teste tubercul?nico, nos dois primeiros anos p?s-vacina??o, utilizando diferentes pontos de corte. Realizada uma an?lise descritiva das vari?veis. As vari?veis num?ricas foram representadas por meio de m?dia e desvio padr?o e as categ?ricas por meio de n?mero absoluto e porcentagem. Para descri??o dos dados, foram utilizados m?dias e desvio padr?o, ou mediana e intervalo interquartil para as vari?veis quantitativas; porcentagem para as vari?veis qualitativas. Para an?lise do Teste Tubercul?nico a amostra foi submetida ao teste de an?lise de vari?ncia (ANOVA), com n?vel de signific?ncia de p?0,05. Os dados analisados no Programa SPSS 17.0.
Resultados: Os participantes potencialmente eleg?veis totalizaram 808, desses 90 foram selecionados a partir dos crit?rios de inclus?o/exclus?o. Dados coletados inclu?ram caracter?sticas demogr?ficas, ?ndices nutricionais, estado de vacina??o e exposi??o pr?via ? TB. TTs foram administrados e a endura??o medida ap?s 48-72 horas. Os selecionados foram de ambos os sexos, com idade variando entre 3 e 24 meses. Destes, onze foram exclu?das, pois n?o compareceram a leitura do teste tubercul?nico (TT), resultando em amostra final de 79 pacientes. A mediana das idades foi de 9,5 meses, entre os meninos, e 11 meses entre as meninas. Realizada divis?o em 3 grupos conforme faixa et?ria: entre 3-9 meses (grupo 1), 10-18 meses (grupo 2) e 19-24 meses de idade (grupo 3). Constatamos que, quando comparados os 3 grupos, evidenciamos queda na m?dia de rea??o ? tuberculina conforme a faixa et?ria progride, apresentando signific?ncia estat?stica (p= 0.041). Considerando a prov?vel aus?ncia de infec??o por Mycobacterium tuberculosis na amostra de pacientes inclu?dos no estudo, observamos que o teste tubercul?nico com rea??o mais elevada ocorre no grupo 1. A partir dos 10 meses de idade nenhum paciente demonstra rea??o ao teste tubercul?nico acima de 5 mm. O achado evidencia o decl?nio na curva de rea??o ? tuberculina j? no primeiro ano de vida. Realizada an?lise complementar excluindo os pacientes que n?o apresentaram rea??o de endura??o (TT= 0 mm), sendo exclu?dos da interpreta??o 28 pacientes. Os 51 pacientes com Teste Tubercul?nico reator foram divididos nos mesmos 3 grupos conforme faixa et?ria. Entre 3-9 meses (grupo 1), 10-18 meses (grupo 2) e 19-24 meses de idade (grupo 3), onde constatamos que quando comparados os 3 grupos, novamente evidenciamos queda na rea??o ? tuberculina conforme a faixa et?ria progride, apresentando signific?ncia (p= 0.031). Constatamos que n?o ocorreram efeitos adversos, descritos em literatura, nos pacientes que se submeteram a aplica??o do Teste Tubercul?nico.
Conclus?es: A partir dos dados do estudo demonstramos que ocorre queda da rea??o de endura??o no teste tubercul?nico nos primeiros 12 meses de idade em pacientes previamente h?gidos e vacinados com BCG no per?odo neonatal. Portanto nossos resultados sugerem que o ponto de corte poderia ser modificado de 10mm para 5mm de endura??o ap?s os 12 meses de idade, melhorando a especificidade do teste diagn?stico TT para identifica??o dos casos de TB infec??o. Esta reavalia??o do ponto de corte menor nos dois primeiros anos de vida pode evitar manejos inadequados nos pacientes com contato com tuberculose.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:IBICT/oai:tede2.pucrs.br:tede/7855 |
| Date | 31 August 2017 |
| Creators | Kurtz, Tatiana |
| Contributors | Pinto, Leonardo Ara?jo |
| Publisher | Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Medicina/Pediatria e Sa?de da Crian?a, PUCRS, Brasil, Escola de Medicina |
| Source Sets | IBICT Brazilian ETDs |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_RS, instname:Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, instacron:PUC_RS |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| Relation | 3098206005268432148, 500, 500, 500, 600, -224747486637135387, -969369452308786627, 2075167498588264571 |
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