The remodeling response to extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold materials such as porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) is characterized by intense mononuclear cell infiltration during the first 4 weeks post-implantation. Persistence of macrophages in wounds is typically diagnosed as chronic inflammation with downstream formation of scar tissue and/or foreign body reaction, but ECM scaffolds remodel into organized site-specific tissue. Macrophages can express either proinflammatory (M1) or immunomodulatory and tissue remodeling (M2) phenotypes. Processing methods used during the manufacturing of ECM scaffolds can influence macrophage phenotype and downstream remodeling outcome.
In the first study, human monocyte-derived macrophages were cultured on SIS and carbodiimide (CDI) crosslinked SIS in 20% and 6% oxygen concentrations. Macrophage phenotype was evaluated by expression of M1 (CXCL10 and CCR7) and M2 (ARG-1, CCL13, CCL18, and MRC-1) gene markers, and secretion of CXCL10, CCL13, CCL18, and MMP9. Macrophages cultured on SIS expressed an M2 profile, while macrophages cultured on CDI-SIS expressed a mixed M1/M2 profile. No consistent patterns were observed when comparing oxygen concentrations.
The second study used radioactive 14C-labeled scaffolds to measure ECM scaffold degradation in a rodent model of musculoskeletal reconstruction with and without the depletion of macrophages. Tissues were characterized by expression of M1 (iNOS and IFN-ã) and M2 (ARG-1 and IL-10) gene markers, and cell surface markers CD68 (pan-macrophage), CCR7 (M1), and CD163 (M2). Results showed that macrophages are required for early and rapid degradation of SIS scaffolds, and that CDI-SIS is resistant to macrophage-mediated degradation. Furthermore, depletion of macrophages resulted in an attenuated inflammatory response and slowed the rate of scaffold degradation.
The third study determined the contractile response and histomorphologic appearance of tissue repaired with SIS, CDI-SIS, or autologous tissue at 26 weeks after implantation. Contractile properties and fatigue resistance of remodeled tissue and of contralateral native tissue were assessed using an in-situ methodology. Muscle fiber-type distribution, blood vessel density and distribution, and innervation were determined. The tissue repaired with SIS showed complete replacement by tissue that histologically and functionally resembled native muscle. CDI-SIS was characterized by chronic inflammatory response and produced little to no measurable tetanic force output.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:PITT/oai:PITTETD:etd-10152009-125605 |
| Date | 26 January 2010 |
| Creators | Valentin, Jolene Elizabeth |
| Contributors | Mervin C. Yoder, Sanjeev G. Shroff, William R. Wagner, Dr. Stephen F. Badylak |
| Publisher | University of Pittsburgh |
| Source Sets | University of Pittsburgh |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | http://etd.library.pitt.edu/ETD/available/etd-10152009-125605/ |
| Rights | unrestricted, I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained and attached hereto a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted is the same as that approved by my advisory committee. I hereby grant to University of Pittsburgh or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified below, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report. |
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