筆者在徽州田野考察時，發現當地人常表達出兩套關於祖先的觀念：第一，徽州人的祖先，就是神明；第二，即使祖先和神明身份重疊，當地人卻能清楚分辨祭於祠堂的祖先，和祭於廟宇的祖先，不會混淆祭祀的場所。這兩套觀念，其實表達出徽州人在宋明間祖先形象的變化。箇中的變化並不單純是「祖先」、「神明」此等稱謂的改變，而是一套與王朝政策息息相關的祭祖儀式漸漸出現。 / 自南宋遷都杭州後，徽州的地位在宋朝政府變得非常重要，冊封徽州地方神明這套禮儀是王朝與地方建立關係的重要手段。同時，這些受王朝賜封神號和廟額的神明，亦被視為徽州人的祖先，供奉在廟宇，享受地方信眾的香火和經濟捐贈；元朝時期徽州士人開始流行以譜系追溯遠祖，這套文字方式將神明祖先及其後裔一代一代的聯繫起來，但卻不見於應用在祭祀儀式上；到了明朝，政府推行的戶籍登記以及後來的賦役改革，迫使地方社會要仔細劃分神廟祭祀和祠堂祭祀，否則難以確保祭祀場所和祭產的擁有權。 / 盡管在祠堂祭祀祖先的儀式在明朝中葉普及起來，但並不表示神明祭祀的傳統因而消失，所以在徽州地方社會上，同時存在著在廟宇祭祀神明祖先的禮儀和在祠堂祭祀宗族祖先的禮儀。 / 筆者的研究方法，是以歷史人類學的視野，結合歷史學對時間變遷的敏感和人類學對地方社會的細膩觀察，利用族譜、碑文、地方志、文集和田野考察所得的資料，重構徽州地方社會這段獨特的發展，展示出徽州人對祖先的理解，如何由神明拉近至放在村內祠堂祭祀的木主。 / In my visits to Huizhou, I was attracted by the interesting phenomenon that there are two different kinds of concepts about ancestor in Huizhou. The first concept is that some ancestors are recognized as deities in government gazette, genealogy and document. They got a double image. In second concept, although those ancestors are recognized as deities, the difference between the rituals of ancestral worship in temple and of deity worship in ancestral hall is very clear. One of the most interesting cases is Wang Hua, who had been remaining an important regional god and an ancestor of the Huizhou Wangs since the Sung dynasty, but who also came in the Ming dynasty to be worshiped as the ancestors in ancestral hall, separated from the worship of deity Wang Hua in temple. This thesis examines this phenomenon by studying the transformations of Huizhou society from the Song through the Ming. / This thesis argues that the gradual shift in Huizhou society from the worship of gods in temples to the worship of ancestors in halls is a long process of integration between local society and the state. This process, which reached a now-agreed upon turning point in a 1536 decree of the emperor Jiajing, followed different paths in different parts of China. In Huizhou, various lineages gradually came into existence that was based on the foundation of worship of gods in temple. They at first worshiped their ancestors together with local gods in the temples of the latter and only gradually moved to the building of independent ancestor halls. / By using a range of rare documents, genealogies, government gazettes, current observation of the environment of villages, and interview recorded in the field, the thesis reconstructs the history of traditional Huizhou society that is in marked contrast with the history of other regions in South China. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 郭錦洲 = Distance from ancestor : the change of ancestral worship in Huizhou from the Song to Ming dynasty / Kwok Kam Chau. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-189). / Abstracts also in English. / Guo Jinzhou = Distance from ancestor : the change of ancestral worship in Huizhou from the Song to Ming Dynasty / Kwok Kam Chau.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:cuhk.edu.hk/oai:cuhk-dr:cuhk_1202856 |
| Date | January 2014 |
| Contributors | 郭錦洲 (author.), Faure, David (thesis advisor.), Chinese University of Hong Kong Graduate School. Division of History. (degree granting institution.), Guo, Jinzhou (author.) |
| Source Sets | The Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Language | Chinese, English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Text, bibliography, text |
| Format | electronic resource, electronic resource, remote, 1 online resource (189 leaves) : illustrations, computer, online resource |
| Coverage | China, Huangshan Shi, 中國, 黃山市, Huangshan Shi (China), 黃山市(中國) |
| Rights | Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) |
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