Reducing the number of motor vehicle crashes is one of the major challenges of our times. Current strategies to reduce crash rates can be divided into two groups: identifying risky driving behavior prior to crashes to proactively reduce risk and automating some or all human driving tasks using intelligent vehicle systems such as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Automated Driving Systems (ADS). For successful implementation of either strategy, a deeper understanding of human driving behavior is essential.
This dissertation characterizes human driving behavior through an analysis of a large naturalistic driving study and offers four major contributions to the field. First, it describes the creation of the Surface Accelerations Reference, a catalog of all longitudinal and lateral surface accelerations found in the Second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study (SHRP 2 NDS). SHRP 2 NDS is the largest naturalistic driving study in the world with 34.5 million miles of data collected from over 3,500 participants driving in six separate locations across the United States. An algorithm was developed to detect each acceleration epoch and summarize key parameters, such as the mean and maxima of the magnitude, roadway properties, and driver inputs. A statistical profile was then created for each participant describing their acceleration behavior in terms of rates, percentiles, and the magnitude of the strongest event in a distance threshold.
The second major contribution is quantifying the effect of several factors that influence acceleration behavior. The rate of mild to harsh acceleration epochs was modeled using negative binomial distribution-based generalized linear mixed effect models. Roadway speed category, driver age, driver gender, vehicle class, and location were used as fixed effects, and a unique participant identifier was as the random effect. Subcategories of each fixed effect were compared using incident rate ratios. Roadway speed category was found to have the largest effect on acceleration behavior, followed by driver age, vehicle class, and location. This methodology accounts for the major influences while simultaneously ensuring that the comparisons are meaningful and not driven by coincidences of data collection.
The third major contribution is the extraction of acceleration-based long-term driving styles and determining their relationship to crash risk. Rates of acceleration epochs experienced on ≤ 30 mph roadways were used to cluster the participants into four groups. The metrics to cluster the participants were chosen so that they represent long-term driving style and not short-term driving behavior being influenced by transient traffic and environmental conditions. The driving style was also correlated to driving risk by comparing the crash rates, near-crash rates, and speeding behavior of the participants.
Finally, the fourth major contribution is the creation of a set of interactive analytics tools that facilitate quick characterization of human driving during regular as well as safety-critical driving events. These tools enable users to answer a large and open-ended set of research questions that aid in the development of ADAS and ADS components. These analytics tools facilitate the exploration of queries such as how often do certain scenarios occur in naturalistic driving, what is the distribution of key metrics during a particular scenario, or what is the relative composition of various crash datasets? Novel visual analytics principles such as video on demand have been implemented to accelerate the sense-making loop for the user. / Doctor of Philosophy / Naturalistic driving studies collect data from participants driving their own vehicles over an extended period. These studies offer unique perspectives in understanding driving behavior by capturing routine and rare events. Two important aspects of understanding driving behavior are longitudinal acceleration, which indicates how people speed up or slow down, and lateral acceleration, which shows how people take turns. In this dissertation, millions of miles of driving data were analyzed to create an open access acceleration database representing the driving profiles of thousands of drivers. These profiles are useful to understand and model human driving behavior, which is essential for developing advanced vehicle systems and smart roadway infrastructure. The acceleration database was used to quantify the effect of various roadway properties, driver demographics, vehicle classification, and environmental factors on acceleration driving behavior. The acceleration database was also used to define distinct driving styles and their relationship to driving risk.
A set of interactive analytics tools was developed that leverage naturalistic driving data by enabling users to ask a large set of questions and facilitate open-ended analysis. Novel visualization and data presentation techniques were developed to help users extract deeper insight about driving behavior faster than previously exiting tools. These tools will aid in the development and testing of automated driving systems and advanced driver assistance systems.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:VTETD/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/113371 |
| Date | 23 January 2023 |
| Creators | Ali, Gibran |
| Contributors | Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadian, Mehdi, North, Christopher L., Ferris, John B., Southward, Steve C., Eskandarian, Azim |
| Publisher | Virginia Tech |
| Source Sets | Virginia Tech Theses and Dissertation |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Dissertation |
| Format | ETD, application/pdf, application/pdf |
| Rights | In Copyright, http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ |
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