本研究以土樓為案例，引入了跨學科的方法考察社會政治機制對中國鄉土建築的變化產生的作用。針對目前認為土樓視為客家族群特有的家族性防禦建築的觀點，我指出了土樓建築形式具有異質性，而這一異質性必須從業主的產權結構出發去理解。通過結合分析社會結構和空間組成，我提出大部分的土樓形式是由相對貧困並且貧富分化不明顯的社區成員合資建造的一種低造價的合作社住宅。我進而以1958至1983年間的建造高峰為例，揭示了土樓地區的居民如何策略性地利用社會主義集體共有的農村產權關係大量建造合作社住宅。 / 論文從建築的空間結構與建造過程、業主的社會組織以及政治環境的歷史變化三個方面考察土樓。第一章回顧現有的土樓研究，提出從業主的角度研究鄉土建築的方法，並介紹了本研究的資料來源。第二章提出了一個從業主社會結構考察鄉土建築的分析架構。通過考察集合住宅中的兩個層次的社會團體，家庭與集體，我提出了一組將社會結構與空間構成相聯繫的表達式。第三至五章分別從建築學、社會學和歷史學的角度具體證明與業主有關的各種因素如何將土樓塑造成住宅合作社，並展示了政治制度的轉變如何影響到建築形式的變化。最後一章總結了本研究的貢獻。 / 本研究運用了多學科的研究方法，通過結合建築形式與建造過程的分析、人類學的調研方法、社會學的社區分析理論以及地方史的研究，探討鄉土建築的形成原因與演變邏輯。此外，本研究也試圖在研究土樓的基礎上探討多層面的問題，包括對地方建築形式的定義方法、鄉土建築的研究方法論以及如何從社區在住宅建造上的策略性選擇理解地方與國家的關係。 / This dissertation is an interdisciplinary research on the socio-political system to explain the transformation of Chinese vernacular architecture within the context of tulou, an architectural form in Fujian Province, Southeastern China. I challenge the myth that tulou are Hakka clan houses or fortresses and argue that most tulou are affordable cooperative houses. I further suggest that these cooperatives were adapted to the People’s Commune property system and hence, experienced construction peak from1958 to 1983. / This dissertation examines the architectural form of tulou, the social structure of its proprietors, and the socio-political changes that occurred during China’s socialist transformation. Chapter 1 opens with a review of the tulou literature, which also introduces a socio-political approach in studying Chinese vernacular architecture. In Chapter 2, I propose a set of symbolic expressions and models to analyze the property structure and spatial configuration of collective houses. The next three chapters engage in different perspectives of tulou built in the 1958-1983, including the architectural issues in Chapter 3, the social issues of the proprietors in Chapter 4, and the political issues in Chapter 5. Finally, the concluding chapter summarizes the contributions of the research. / This research combines architectural analysis, anthropological investigation, sociological analysis, and historical studies. Issues addressed include the definition of regional architectural styles, the methodology used for studying vernacular architecture, and conflicts between the state and the local communities. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Zheng, Jing. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-233). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter ABSTRACT --- p.i / Chapter 摘 要 --- p.ii / Chapter ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / Chapter TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / Chapter LIST OF FIGURES --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Problem --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Literature Review --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Studies on Tulou --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Debates on the Definition of “Tulou“ --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- An Interrelated Region Divided by Administration --- p.25 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Cultural Heritage: Homogeneity as a Political Comprise --- p.30 / Chapter 1.3 --- Methodology --- p.33 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Toward a Socio-political Approach --- p.33 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Analyzing Forms: Vernacular Architecture as a Process --- p.35 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Understanding the Communities: Evidence in the Field --- p.38 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- COOPERATIVE HOUSES --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1 --- Residential Communities and Collective Houses --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Bridging Communities and Houses: Ownership Structure --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The Variations of Collective Houses --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Communities in Southeastern China --- p.50 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Collective Houses in Southeastern China --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Symbolic Expressions of Collective Houses --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Spatial Configuration and Ownership Structure --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Variables and the Order of Operations --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- The Expressions --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3 --- Structure Models of Collective Houses --- p.63 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Clan Model and Cooperative Model --- p.63 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- The Hybridity of Models --- p.65 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- The Alternatives between Models --- p.68 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- The Diverse Forms of Tulou Cooperatives --- p.77 / Chapter 2.4 --- Unit-Proprietors of Cooperative Houses --- p.81 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Unit Proprietors: Owner-builder-occupiers --- p.81 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The Recruitment of Unit-proprietors --- p.82 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- The Allocation of Units --- p.84 / Chapter 2.5 --- Variations of Tulou Forms in History --- p.85 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Historical Background --- p.85 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Fortresses --- p.87 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Merchants’ Mansions --- p.89 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Houses Funded by Overseas Chinese --- p.90 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Communal Houses --- p.91 / Summary --- p.92 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SPACE, FORM, AND CONSTRUCTION --- p.93 / Chapter 3.1 --- Spatial Configuration --- p.94 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- A Collective House --- p.94 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Public Domain: the Central Courtyard --- p.95 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Family Spaces: Vertical Units --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2 --- Form and Structure --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Separating Form and Structure --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Forms --- p.100 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Structure --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3 --- Affordability --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Location --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Site --- p.110 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Materials --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Labors --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Cooperate to Reduce Cost --- p.114 / Chapter 3.4 --- Building Techniques --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Craftsmen and Local Traditions --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Critical Issues on Construction Process --- p.121 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Modular Design System --- p.128 / Chapter 3.5 --- Construction Organization --- p.129 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Time Control --- p.129 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Budget Control --- p.130 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Unit-proprietors in the Project --- p.131 / Summary --- p.131 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- HOUSEHOLDS,CLANS,AND COOPERATIVES --- p.132 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Property Structure of Tulou --- p.133 / Chapter 4.2 --- Household Division and House Division --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Households --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Household Division --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- House Division --- p.138 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- House Division in Tulou --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3 --- Stoves and Cooperative Houses --- p.147 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Stoves as the Affiliation Symbol --- p.147 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Stoves in Tulou --- p.148 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- The problem and the Solution --- p.149 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- A unit-proprietor’s Life --- p.152 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Multiple Identities of Unit-Proprietors --- p.153 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Household Member --- p.153 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Cooperative Member --- p.155 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Clan Member --- p.156 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Ritual: A presentation of the multiple identities --- p.158 / Summary --- p.160 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- THE RISE AND DECLINE OF COOPERATIVE HOUSES --- p.161 / Chapter 5.1 --- Property System in Rural China --- p.162 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Background: Before 1911 --- p.162 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- The Revolution 1911-1983 --- p.163 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Owners in China’s Rural Property System --- p.169 / Chapter 5.2 --- Built under Socialism (1958-1983) --- p.171 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The Political Circumstances and Housing Policies after 1949 --- p.172 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Housing Production Teams: A Case Study on Hekeng --- p.173 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Democratic inside the Cooperatives: A Case Study on Tianluokeng --- p.184 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Discussion: Private Property vs. Public Goods --- p.192 / Chapter 5.3 --- Build after Socialism (1983- ) --- p.196 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Household-Responsibility System --- p.196 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- On the eve of Reform (1979-1983) --- p.196 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- After the Reform (1983- ) --- p.198 / Chapter 5.4 --- Socio-political System and Architectural Forms --- p.202 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- The Communist style --- p.202 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- The Post-communist Style --- p.205 / Summary --- p.206 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.208 / Chapter 6.1 --- On Tulou and Cooperative Houses --- p.209 / Chapter 6.2 --- On Socio-political System --- p.210 / Chapter 6.3 --- On Chinese Vernacular Architecture --- p.211 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.214
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:cuhk.edu.hk/oai:cuhk-dr:cuhk_328056 |
| Date | January 2012 |
| Contributors | Zheng, Jing, Chinese University of Hong Kong Graduate School. Division of Architecture. |
| Source Sets | The Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Language | English, Chinese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Text, bibliography |
| Format | electronic resource, electronic resource, remote, 1 online resource (x, 233 leaves) : ill. (chiefly col.), maps (some col.) |
| Coverage | China, China, China, China |
| Rights | Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) |
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