The impact of a power plant discharge (Clinch River Plant, CRP, Carbo, Virginia) on resident snail populations was assessed. In 1988, snail absence below the plant, was attributed to plant discharges rather than naturally occurring habitat limitations. Habitat limitations for the two dominant snail species, Leptoxis praerosa and Pleurocera unciale were defined before power plant impact was assessed. Eleven physicochemical parameters (i.e., flow rate, substrate type, silt accumulation, depth, water chemistry and food biomass parameters) were measured at selected sites and compared to snail density. Flow rate, substrate type and periphyton biomass were the most influential parameters in determining Leptoxis density; while periphyton biomass was the most influential for Pleurocera. Cluster analysis also linked Leptoxis density with river structure and flow. Other variables linked to Pleurocera density were flow rate, river structure and silt. Although Leptoxis is most prolific in riffle/shoal areas and Pleurocera in slower riffle-pool interfaces, these two ‘species often coexist. This research suggests that habitat partitioning between these two species is influenced most by flow rate. Greatest density of Leptoxis occurred at flow rates of 20-30 cm/sec. Frequency of occurrence was greatest at 20-100 cm/sec. Pleurocera occurred most frequently at flow rates of 20-30 cm/sec with greatest density at 25-45 cm/sec.
Measurements of impact of the CRP effluent (i.e., toxicity, metals {mainly copper} bioaccumulation in aufwuchs and snails, and cellulase enzyme activity impairment) were summarized by using zone delineation. Habitat parameters were measured below plant discharges and upstream, and compared with water column Cu, snail tissue Cu and aufwuchs Cu measurements. Habitat selection was strongly influenced by effluent but the role of waterborne metals concentration and habitat alterations (e.g. periphyton changes and bioconcentration) was unclear. Feeding studies were conducted to estimate impact of aufwuchs bioconcentration of metals on snails. Leptoxis significantly bioconcentrated Cu when fed aufwuchs containing 564 (±269) ug Cu/g in artificial stream feeding studies, but no cellulase impairments were seen in these studies. No foodborne bioconcentration was found from aufwuchs containing up to 20,000 (±18,400) ug Zn/L. These results suggest that though foodborne uptake of Cu may occur, water column Cu concentrations may have to be an order of magnitude higher for impairment to occur through injestion than through waterborne exposures.
Acute and chronic effects of both whole effluent and Cu on Leptoxis were measured in laboratory and artificial stream exposures. The 96-hr LC₅₀ was 95% effluent (containing 148 ug Cu/L)in flow-through exposures, but in Static stirred exposures, 100% effluent (105 ug Cu/L)was not toxic. The lowest-observable effect concentration (LOEC)from 30-day exposures was 10% effluent (22 ug Cu/L) causing cellulase activity impairment (70% of control activity) and bioconcentration (300 ug Cu/g). Constituents of effluent other than Cu were believed to contribute to impairment effects since no impairment was found in 30-day CuSO₄ dosings of up to 25 ug Cu/L. The LOEC for Cu from 30-day CuSO₄ dosings ranged from 17-35 ug/L and the no-observed effect concentration (NOEC)was 12 ug Cu/L. The EPA water quality criteria concentration (17 ug Cu/L)was questionable for Leptoxis in long-term exposures (114-day), causing enzyme impairment and mortality.
Chronically toxic conditions to Leptoxis occurred on the left side of the river for 0.7 km downstream of discharge, where the water column contained 42 ug Cu/L, while acutely toxic conditions occurred in the immediate mixing zone. Artificial stream impairment tests were substantiated in the river except in lower reaches of the impairment zone (left side of river, 0.7-0.9 km below cooling tower discharge), where snail absence was attributed to periphyton Cu bioconcentration (242 ug Cu/g). Functional recovery (of enzyme activity) was found at the next acceptable habitat downstream (Station 14A), so the area of impact extended 0.9 km downstream of the discharge on the left side of the river. It was concluded that zone delineation by simultaneously evaluating structural and functional aspects of environmental change is a better approach to impact assessment than approaches that only use functional measurements. / Ph. D.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:VTETD/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/38639 |
| Date | 19 June 2006 |
| Creators | Reed, Donna K. |
| Contributors | Biology, Benfield, Ernest F., Cairns, John Jr., Heath, Alan G., Smith, Eric P., Cherry, Donald, Farris, Jerry L. |
| Publisher | Virginia Tech |
| Source Sets | Virginia Tech Theses and Dissertation |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Dissertation, Text |
| Format | xiii, 171 leaves, BTD, application/pdf, application/pdf |
| Rights | In Copyright, http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ |
| Relation | OCLC# 28529364, LD5655.V856_1993.R443.pdf |
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