Grapes from Vitis rotundifolia ( Muscadine) are rich sources of different phenolic compounds, (e.g. ellagic acid, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, resveratrol, etc.) which are purported to provide health benefits, possibly as antioxidants. Anthocyanins, a pigmented subgroup of the flavonoid group, are responsible for intense pigmentation in the grapes. Maximizing anthocyanins in products is a priority for color, and preservation of potential health benefits.
This research focused on measuring changes in the anthocyanins as wine is produced commercially from a single crop of Vitis rotundifolia var. Ison grapes. Samples were taken at points throughout the vintification process, and phenolics and anthocyanins were analyzed. In addition to examining characteristics from the pre-fermented must and finished wine, skins, juice, and press cake were extracted and analyzed to quantify the distribution and changes in the anthocyanins in various fractions during the vinification process. HPLC using a mixed mode C18 column with a diode array detector analysis to detect monomeric glycosylated and polymerized anthocyanins. Potassium metabisulfite bleaching was used to determine polymerized anthocyanins. The study was limited to one crop year from one vineyard which limited annual and spatial variability.
Results identified six anthocyanins: cyanidin, malvidin, petunidin, peonidin, delphinidin, and pelargonidin dihexoses, Concentration of each anthocyanin increased with time, increasing extraction of pigments from the skins until the pressing step. No significant difference was found in anthocyanin concentrations over time when analyzed by HPLC after pressing; however, microplate analysis of total monomeric anthocyanins by pH differential did show a significant loss in anthocyanins during fermentation, contrasting with concentrations observed by HPLC. Observed declines varied significantly among the identified anthocyanin forms; however, total phenolic levels by Folin-Ciocalteu did not exhibit this decline. Significant levels of polymerized anthocyanins were not detected by either method. These data show, under the study conditions, that anthocyanin forms within Ison variety muscadine grapes are differently resistant to the enological process. Cyanidin and delphinidin forms were most affected, with higher rates of extraction and declines throughout the process. Petunidin and peonidin dihexose forms, showing similar trends, were less drastically affected, malvidin and pelargonidin forms displayed a non-trend, remaining at similar concentrations throughout processing
This research focused on measuring changes in the anthocyanins as wine is produced in a commercial winery from a single crop of Vitis rotundifolia var. Ison grapes. Samples were taken at various points throughout the vintification process, and the phenolics and anthocyanins were analyzed. In addition to examining characteristics from the pre-fermented must and finished wine, skins, juice, and press cake were extracted and analyzed to quantify the distribution and changes in the anthocyanins in various fractions during the vinification process. HPLC using a mixed mode C18 column with a diode array detector analysis to detect monomeric glycosylated and polymerized anthocyanins. Potassium metabisulfite bleaching was also used to determine polymerized anthocyanins. The study was limited to one crop year from one vineyard which limited annual and spatial variability.
Results identified six anthocyanins: cyanidin, malvidin, petunidin, peonidin, delphinidin, and pelargonidin dihexoses, Concentration of each wine-based anthocyanin increased with time increasing extraction of pigments from the skins until the pressing step. Refined cane sugar was added after pressing, that treatment was correlated with a sharp decline in wine must anthocyanin possibly due to low levels of sulfite in the sugar. After pressing and sugar addition there was no significant difference found in anthocyanin concentrations over time when analyzed by HPLC; however, microplate analysis of total monomeric anthocyanins by pH differential did show a significant loss in anthocyanins during fermentation, contrasting with the concentrations observed by HPLC. Observed declines varied significantly among the identified anthocyanin forms; however, total phenolic levels by Folin-Ciocalteu did not exhibit this same decline, and significant levels of polymerized anthocyanins were not detected by either potassium metabisulfite bleaching or HPLC methods. These data show that under the study conditions that the anthocyanin forms within the Ison variety of muscadine grapes are differently resistant to the enological process. Cyanidin and delphinidin dihexose forms were the most affected, with higher rates of extraction and declines throughout the process. Petunidin and peonidin dihexose forms, while showing similar trends, were less drastically affected, and malvidin and pelargonidin dihexose forms displayed a non-trend, remaining at similar concentrations throughout processing.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:LSU/oai:etd.lsu.edu:etd-10232013-225748 |
| Date | 21 November 2013 |
| Creators | Mumphrey, Luke Aaron |
| Contributors | Finley, John, Losso, Jack, Xu, Zhimin |
| Publisher | LSU |
| Source Sets | Louisiana State University |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-10232013-225748/ |
| Rights | unrestricted, I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained and attached herein a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted is the same as that approved by my advisory committee. I hereby grant to LSU or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified below and in appropriate University policies, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report. |
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