Thesis (PhD (Food Sc))--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The wildlife industry in Namibia has shown tremendous growth over the past
decades and is currently the only extensive production system in Namibia that is
expanding. Harvesting game for the purpose of meat production is a viable option
since there is a worldwide demand for healthy and high quality proteins.
The main objective of the dissertation was to investigate selected parameters
required to develop a sustainable Namibian game meat industry. The major species
suitable for commercial harvesting operations are springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis
– Zimmerman, 1780), gemsbok (Oryx gazella – Linnaeus, 1785), kudu (Tragelaphus
strepsiceros – Pallas, 1766), mountain zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae – Linnaeus,
1758) and red hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus caama – Pallas, 1766). Eland
(Tragelaphus oryx – Pallas, 1766) could be considered as a suitable species,
although the numbers of animals that can be harvested during an operation are
limited.
This study demonstrated that gender influenced live weight of springbok, kudu
and red hartebeest. Gender also influenced carcass weights for springbok,
gemsbok, kudu and red hartebeest, but not for eland, while dressing percentage did
not differ between gender for springbok, gemsbok, kudu and red hartebeest.
Although there were some statistical differences in the chemical composition
of the various muscles from the different species (Mm. biceps femoris, infraspinatus,
longissimus dorsi, semimembranosus, semitendinosus and supraspinatus), it is
doubtful whether consumers would be able to distinguish between these.
Discriminant analysis could not differentiate among the different muscle
groups for springbok and gemsbok. A differentiation was, however, revealed among
the various muscles for red hartebeest.
During the investigation on the influence of season and gender on the carcass
yields and meat quality characteristics of kudu and red hartebeest, dressing
percentage was affected by season, but not by gender. Muscle colour differed
significantly between seasons.
Results from this study showed that male eland contained more saturated
fatty acids than females, but no gender differences were observed for polyunsaturated
fatty acids. Hides of gemsbok, kudu and red hartebeest contributed 6 – 7% of live weight,
while the skin of springbok contributed 4 – 5% of live weight. Comparisons of offal
items among species showed significant differences for all offal items, except for
intestines.
Retail cuts showed significant species difference for rump, topside, silverside
and sinews. No significant species differences were observed for thick flank and
bolo. Significant gender differences were observed for silverside. No interactions
between species and gender were found for the different retail cuts from gemsbok
and kudu.
Microbiological counts of game meat, chilled for 6 weeks and frozen for 12
months, respectively, were found to be within acceptable limits as prescribed by the
South African retail market.
Differences in physico-chemical and microbiological properties were observed
among salami from different game species. The springbok salami was found to be
microbiologically unstable. The main characteristics observed while tasting the
salami from springbok, gemsbok, kudu and zebra were a distinctive smoky, salty,
pepper and salami flavour combined with a smoky, salami aroma. Game flavour did
not feature as strong during the sensory analyses.
Sustainable utilization of game for commercial meat production has the
potential to increase earnings to beneficiaries in the wildlife sector. Results from this
study contributed knowledge which can be utilized to develop the Namibian game
meat industry. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wildsbedryf in Namibië het die afgelope dekades buitengewone groei getoon en
is huidiglik die enigste ekstensiewe produksie-sisteem wat in Namibië uitbrei. Die
oes van wild is ʼn voordelige opsie, aangesien daar wêreldwyd ʼn aanvraag is na
gesonde en hoë kwaliteit proteïene.
Die hoofdoelwit van hierdie dissertasie was die loods van ʼn ondersoek na
geselekteerde aspekte wat benodig word om die Namibiese wildsvleisbedryf te
ontwikkel. Die belangrikste spesies geïdentifiseer as geskik vir kommersiële oes, is
springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis – Zimmerman, 1780), gemsbok (Oryx gazella –
Linnaeus, 1785), koedoe (Tragelaphus strepsiceros – Pallas, 1766), berg sebra
(Equus zebra hartmannae – Linnaeus, 1758) en rooihartbees (Alcelaphus
buselaphus caama – Pallas, 1766). Eland (Tragelaphus oryx – Pallas, 1766) is ook
ʼn geskikte spesies, maar die hoeveelhede wat op een slag geoes kan word, is
beperk.
Hierdie studie het gedemonstreer dat geslag ʼn invloed op die lewendige
gewig van springbok, koedoe en rooihartbees het. Geslag het ook ʼn invloed gehad
op karkasgewigte van springbok, gemsbok, koedoe en rooihartbees, maar geen
invloed op die karkasgewig van eland nie, terwyl uitslagpersentasie geensins
geslagsverskille getoon het vir springbok, gemsbok, koedoe of rooihartbees nie.
Nieteenstaande statistiese verskille in die chemiese samestelling van die
verskillende spiere van die onderskeie spesies (Mm. biceps femoris, infraspinatus,
longissimus dorsi, semimembranosus, semitendinosus en supraspinatus), is dit te
betwyfel of verbruikers ʼn onderskeid sal kan tref tussen die spiere.
Diskriminant-analise kon nie verskille uitwys tussen die verskillende groepe
spiere van springbok en gemsbok nie. Verskille was egter te bespeur tussen
verskillende spiere van die rooihartbees.
Gedurende hierdie ondersoek is die invloed van seisoen en geslag op die
karkasopbrengs en vleiskwaliteit van koedoe en rooihartbees ondersoek.
Uitslagpersentasie is beïnvloed deur seisoen, maar nie deur geslag nie. Kleur het
betekenisvol verskil tussen seisoene.
Resultate van die studie het getoon dat elandbulle meer versadigde vetsure
het as koeie, maar dat geen verskille vir geslag gevind is vir poli-onversadigde
vetsure nie. Gemsbok-, koedoe - en rooihartbeesvelle het 6 – 7% bygedra tot die
lewendige gewig, terwyl die vel van die springbok 4 – 5% bygedra het. Vergelykings
van afvalopbrengs tussen spesies het verskille uitgewys ten opsigte van al die items,
behalwe die ingewande.
Kleinhandelsnitte het betekenisvolle verskille getoon vir die kruis, binneboud,
dy en senings. Geen betekenisvolle spesies verskille is opgemerk vir die diklies en
bolo nie. Die dy het betekenisvolle verskille tussen geslagte getoon. Geen
interaksie tussen spesies en geslag is opgemerk vir die verskillende
kleinhandelsnitte van gemsbok en koedoe nie.
Mikrobiologiese tellings vir wildsvleis, verkoel vir 6 weke en gevries vir 12
maande, onderskeidelik, het voldoen aan die aanvaarbare vlakke soos voorgeskryf
deur die Suid-Afrikaanse kleinhandelsmark.
Verskille in fisiese, chemiese en mikrobiologiese kwaliteite was opgemerk vir
die salami van die verskillende spesies. Springbok salami was mikrobiologies
onstabiel. Die belangrikste karaktereienskappe bemerk tydens die proe van die
salami vervaardig van springbok-, gemsbok- , koedoe - en sebravleis, was ʼn
oorheersende rook-, sout-, peper- en salamigeur, gekombineer met ʼn rook- en
salami aroma. Wildsvleisgeur het nie sterk na vore gekom tydens die sensoriese
analise, nie.
Die volhoubare gebruik van wild vir kommersiële vleisproduksie het die
potensiaal om inkomste vir belangegroepe in die wildsektor te verhoog. Resultate
van hierdie studie het kennis uitgebrei wat gebruik kan word om die
wildsvleisindustrie in Namibië te ontwikkel.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:sun/oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/6888 |
| Date | 03 1900 |
| Creators | Van Schalkwyk, Diana Louisa |
| Contributors | Hoffman, L. C., Witthuhn, R. C., McMillin, K. W., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Food Science. |
| Publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | en_ZA |
| Detected Language | Unknown |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | 367 p. : ill. |
| Rights | Stellenbosch University |
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