<p>Simulation modeling has proven
beneficial in gathering insights that may aid safety policy considerations for
schools, offices, and outdoor events. This is especially true when conducting a
drill that is not practical or possible, such as active shooter response.
However, we can improve the current modeling practices with high-fidelity
simulation logic reflecting a victim's well-being. Currently, victims are modeled either as
“killed,” or they continue their normal movement. The binary approach is suitable for many
simulations developed to understand course trends in an event space but does
not allow for more fine-tuned insights that may be beneficial when developing a
safety and response protocol for a specific facility or event. Additional
victim characteristics, such as tracking the location of a victim's wound and
the rate of physiological decline, may be added into a model that will improve
the realism and lead to an improved response protocol. The increased fidelity will
be helpful when simulating and assessing the effects of volunteer response,
critical care transport for medical intervention, and other first-responder
interventions.</p>
<p>While some think it is not possible
or necessary to simulate how fast gunshot victims would lose blood, we show that
a high-fidelity simulation is possible. The main counterargument is that there
is no sufficient data, and also it will be challenging to implement this
process as it is occurring. However, we found enough data or were able to extrapolate
the missing pieces and develop a consistent and realistic blood loss model. In
addition, the state of current simulation packages, such as AnyLogic, has
advanced to the point where we can model a liquid system dynamic within an
agent-based model. Furthermore, there is an acute benefit to conducting this
type of research as it can help us develop better response policies, which
result in more saved lives.</p>
<p>The research aims to improve emergency-response
simulation fidelity by developing a model that simulates gunshot wounds and the
subsequent blood loss while accounting for a victim's age, weight, gender, and
the affected area. The model also accounts for the body's compensatory response
and medical interventions, such as tourniquet application, wound packing, and direct
pressure. The work presents an analytical model and its implementation using
agent-based modeling in AnyLogic. This AnyLogic module can be inserted into active
shooter simulations that easily integrate with the existing logic. This integration
happens through a high-level application programming interface (API) exposed to
the user. The API allows for automatic infliction of injury and mitigation. The
extensive literature review and case studies provide a sound foundation for creating
the model. AnyLogic was chosen due to its common usage and versatility with other
systems and computer programming languages.</p>
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:purdue.edu/oai:figshare.com:article/17152793 |
| Date | 09 December 2021 |
| Creators | Krassimir Tzvetanov (11818304) |
| Source Sets | Purdue University |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Text, Thesis |
| Rights | CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 |
| Relation | https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/IMPROVING_THE_FIDELITY_OF_AGENT-BASED_ACTIVE_SHOOTER_SIMULATIONS_THROUGH_MODELING_BLOOD_LOSS_AND_INJURY_MANAGEMENT/17152793 |
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