The removal of many metal ions from solution with bases by precipitation and filtration is well known. Due to it's limited solubility, Mg(OH)(_2) gives many benefits over the other commonly used bases in terms of safety and post-treatment processes such as residual mass and volume. The use of Mg(OH)(_2) as the base in these reactions, however, does not give satisfactory results in many cases, the levels of metal ions in solution after treatment remaining too high to allow discharge into public waterways. In order to aid these reactions, the use of extra reagents along with the base has been studied. These additives take the form of either donor ligands, e.g. PPh(_3), TMEDA, or other metal solutions, typically trivalent metals i.e. Fe(^3+), Al(^3+) or metal oxides i.e. Fe(_2)O(_3), Al(_2)O(_3).Following previous studies where P- and N-donor ligands, used in catalytic quantities had shown great increases in the %age of metal ions removed from complicated, multiple metal ion effluent systems, the reactions of individual metal ion solutions with these ligands showed disappointing results. After testing separate solutions of Cu(^2+) Fe(^2+) Ni(^2+), Zn(^2+), Pb(^2+) and Al(^3+), only Fe(^2+) showed the same improvements seen in the mixed ion systems. Decreases in %age of Cu(^2+) removed were observed for reactions including these ligands .Decreasing removal was seen with increasing ligand addition. This is due to the formation of soluble complexes which are unaffected by the pHs achieved in the reactions. The other metal ions tested showed little change for any addition of these ligand reagents. Addition of equivalent amounts of an easily precipitated metal ion, i.e. Al(^3+) or Fe(^3+), to a more difficult to treat metal ion solution, i.e. Ni(^2+) or Zn(^2+), gave large improvements on the removal of the ions by treatment with Mg(OH)(_2). Tenfold increases in removal of the ions were seen in the reactions, allowing dischargable concentrations to be achieved in far lower times than previously obtained. Addition of the M(III) solutions, while improving the metal ion removal, increased the amount of Mg(OH)(_2) required for treatment. An industrially available additive, containing Al and Fe sulphates, was tested in a similar fashion giving the same beneficial results. The use of identical amounts of base, with and without this additive showed that improvements in removal of metal ions were obtained even over increasing the relative amount of base added. To overcome this problem, the M(III) species were added in the form of oxides, e.g. Al(_2)O(_3). This removed the need for extra base but the results were disappointing compared to the addition of the M(III) ions as solutions, only ~10% increase in precipitation with a tenfold addition of oxide. None of these reactions achieved the Mg(OH)(_2) buffer pH of 10.5 even when large excesses were added. This has been attributed to coating of the solid Mg(OH)(_2) particles by precipitating M(II) hydroxides which prevented dissolution and kept the majority of the hydroxide from taking part in the reaction. The addition of the extra M(III) species provided preferential sites for the M(II) hydroxides to form on and thus allowed the reaction of all of the Mg(OH)(_2) added. The use of ultrasound to improve these reactions, both instead of and as well as the use of additives, was studied and was seen to give further improvement in these reactions. The ultrasound not only provided an increase in the energy of the systems through a general heating of the solution, but the physical forces created aided the break-up of both the solid Mg(OH)(_2) particles and any coatings that may have built up on them. The use of a 16kHz ultrasound probe produced large improvements in the removal of metal ions and when used in conjunction with M(III) additives dischargable concentrations were achieved in only 30 minutes. Through the use of various additives and conditions, Mg(OH)(_2) has been shown to be a viable option in the effluent treatment industry. The reactions were performed mainly on laboratory prepared solutions of the relevant metal ions, with commercially available Mg(OH)(_2) suspensions. The results were obtained from observation of the pH of the reaction mixtures and concentrations of the metal ions remaining in solution after filtration, determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:bl.uk/oai:ethos.bl.uk:263862 |
| Date | January 1998 |
| Creators | Gemmell, Patrick |
| Publisher | Durham University |
| Source Sets | Ethos UK |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Electronic Thesis or Dissertation |
| Source | http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4653/ |
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