The aim of this thesis was to contribute to the development of urban water management in large cities in a development context. This study presents a case study of Indonesian cities and Jakarta in particular and provides a monitoring framework to examine the impact of urban water management services on the environment and public health, as well as some alternative solutions for mitigation.
Assessments were made by analysing the water demand of the urban population based on existing regional and international standards. To monitor major freshwater resource quality in Jakarta, remote sensing techniques based on Sentinel-2 MSI were used, while Sentinel-1 SAR was used to monitor land subsidence. The study also analysed urban wastewater management in Jakarta in comparison with other major cities in Indonesia and across the wider region. Water quality monitoring of the Ciliwung River, the longest river in Jakarta, was done to understand the impact of urban sanitation on surface water. The impact of water and wastewater management on public health on the incidence of diarrhoeal diseases among children was assessed using available statistical data.
Some data were obtained from the Indonesian Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) 2017 and the ESA Copernicus Science Hub for Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites. Other data were obtained from field monitoring and laboratory analysis of water quality in river and reservoir, and from official reports on current coverage of and recent progress in urban wastewater management.
These data and information were used to estimate and validate the field data, for instance those on Chlorophyll-a, provided by the Indonesian Fisheries Centre. Water quality monitoring data were compared with those of Sentinel-2 MSI, upon which correlation/regression analysis was performed. Data from on-site monitoring of land subsidence MONAS were compared with Sentinel-1 SAR data. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to assess the association between diarrhoea disease in children under 5 years of age (U5) and associated factors, for instance access to water sources and basic sanitation facilities, education attainment, breastfeeding practices, and other social factors. Thus, strategic intervention can be derived to reduce the incidence of diarrhoeal disease among children.
A framework has been developed to monitor rapid urban development, water services and finally consequences for the environment and public outcomes. To monitor water management in urban settings, on-site water and wastewater quality monitoring, the latest remote sensing technology and statistical analysis should be integrated to measure and observe the outcome of urban water services on the environment and public health.:Declarations
Foreword
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
List of figures
List of tables
Abbreviations
Currency equivalents
Units
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Objectives and scope
1.3 Research questions
1.4 Hypothesis of the study
1.5 Factors affecting the study
1.6 Outline of dissertation
Chapter 2 Literature review
2.1 Economic development and rapid urbanization in Jakarta
2.2 Consequences of rapid urbanization
2.3 Sustainable urban water management
2.4 Withdrawal, treatment, and distribution of fresh water
2.5 Water quality monitoring
2.5.1 Freshwater quality standard
2.5.2 Drinking water quality standards
2.6 Wastewater treatment systems
2.7 Remote sensing with satellite technology
2.7.1 Interferometry synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
2.7.2 Sentinel-2 MSI
2.8 Multivariate analysis of diarrhoea and other factors
Chapter 3 Methodology
3.1 Research framework
3.1.1 Remote sensing and water resources management
3.1.2 River water quality monitoring
3.1.3 Gap analysis of drinking water supply and wastewater treatment services
3.1.4 Association of diarrhoea with water and wastewater management
3.2 Global climate change
3.2.1 Urban development
3.2.2 Geography
3.2.3 Local climate characteristic
3.2.4 Precipitation rate
3.2.5 Population
3.3. Data collection and analysis
Chapter 4 Results and discussion
4.1 Water quality monitoring at Jatiluhur reservoir
4.1.1 In-situ water quality monitoring
4.1.2 Pre-processing of Sentinel-2 optical images
4.1.3 Post-processing of Sentinel-2 images
4.1.4 Results of post-processing Sentinel-2 images
4.1.5 NDWI of Sentinel-2 images
4.1.6 Discussion of key findings
4.1.7 Major findings regarding water resource management
4.2 Land-subsidence monitoring with synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
4.2.1 Remote sensing for land subsidence monitoring
4.2.2 Results of remote sensing analysis
4.2.3 Discussion of remote sensing using SAR
4.2.4 Major findings of monitoring land subsidence
4.3 River water quality monitoring
4.3.1 Wastewater management and river water quality
4.3.2 Effluent water quality standards and GoI regulations
4.3.3 Key findings from river water quality monitoring
4.3.4 Pollutant index
4.3.5 Biological water quality parameters
4.3.6 Physical water quality parameters
4.3.7 Chemical water quality parameters
4.3.8 Discussion of river water quality monitoring
4.3.9 Key findings from river water quality monitoring
4.4 Drinking water, wastewater demand analysis, and public health
4.4.1 Coverage of drinking water supply and wastewater treatment capacity
4.4.2 Production, distribution and use of drinking water
4.4.3 Collection and treatment of wastewater
4.4.4 Diarrhoeal diseases
4.4.5 Discussion of water demand analysis and public health
4.4.6 Major findings from the analysis of water demand, wastewater and public health
4.5 Analysis of diarrhoea and associated factors
4.5.1 Introduction to multivariate analysis
4.5.2 Focus of study area
4.5.3 Fixed variable
4.5.4 Dependent variables
4.5.5 Results of multivariate analysis
Chapter 5 Conclusion
5.1 New insight on urban water management
5.2 Socio-economic factors
5.3 Implication on further study and development
List of References
Annexes
Disclaimer
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:DRESDEN/oai:qucosa:de:qucosa:88996 |
| Date | 14 February 2024 |
| Creators | Cahyanto, Basilius Kris |
| Contributors | Krebs, Peter, Bernhofer, Christian, Maryati, Sri, Technische Universität Dresden |
| Source Sets | Hochschulschriftenserver (HSSS) der SLUB Dresden |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, doc-type:doctoralThesis, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis, doc-type:Text |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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