<p>In this work, machine learning (ML) modeling is proposed for the detection and classification of global positioning system (GPS) spoofing in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Three testing scenarios are implemented in an outdoor yet controlled setup to investigate static and dynamic attacks. In these scenarios, authentic sets of GPS signal features are collected, followed by other sets obtained while the UAV is under spoofing attacks launched with a software-defined radio (SDR) transceiver module. All sets are standardized, analyzed for correlation, and reduced according to feature importance prior to their exploitation in training, validating, and testing different multiclass ML classifiers. Two schemes for the dataset are proposed, location-dependent and location-independent datasets. The location-dependent dataset keeps the location specific features which are latitude, longitude, and altitude. On the other hand, the location-independent dataset excludes these features. The resulting performance evaluation of these classifiers shows a detection rate (DR), misdetection rate (MDR), and false alarm rate (FAR) better than 92%, 13%, and 4%, respectively, together with a sub-millisecond detection time. Hence, the proposed modeling facilitates accurate real-time GPS spoofing detection and classification for UAV applications.</p>
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<p>Then, a three-class ML model is implemented on a UAV with a Raspberry Pi processor for classifying the two GPS spoofing attacks (i.e., static, dynamic) in real-time. First, several models are developed and tested utilizing the prepared dataset. Models evaluation is carried out using the DR, F-score, FAR, and MDR, which all showed an acceptable performance. Then, the optimum model is loaded to the onboard processor and tested for real-time detection and classification. Location-dependent applications, such as fixed-route public transportation, are expected to benefit from the methodology presented herein as the longitude, latitude, and altitude features are characterized in the implemented model.</p>
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:purdue.edu/oai:figshare.com:article/22723339 |
| Date | 30 April 2023 |
| Creators | Mohammad Nayfeh (15379369) |
| Source Sets | Purdue University |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Text, Thesis |
| Rights | CC BY 4.0 |
| Relation | https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/ARTIFICIAL_INTELLIGENCE-BASED_GPS_SPOOFING_DETECTION_AND_IMPLEMENTATION_WITH_APPLICATIONS_TO_UNMANNED_AERIAL_VEHICLES/22723339 |
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