Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Essential oils are derived from volatile natural oils in plants and have been used by mankind
for millennia. Citrus essential oils are widely used in various applications and lemon [Citrus
limon (L.) Burm. f.] rind oil is the most important citrus oil in commerce. Rind oil glands are
located in the exocarp, or flavedo, of the fruit and are formed schizogenously. The purpose of
this study was to quantify the factors affecting rind oil content of lemons. The factors studied
were light exposure and canopy position, growing region in South Africa, genotype, i.e. scion
and rootstock, as well as the relationship between seedless clones of cultivars and the
cultivars from which the seedless clones were derived, and various plant growth regulators
were screened to determine whether they influenced rind oil content.
Following the sampling of fruit from different positions in the tree's canopy, light exposure
was found to affect rind oil content of 'Eureka' lemon fruit. Fruit borne on the outside of
trees, higher in the tree, north-facing or not within the hedgerow had the highest rind oil
content. Photosynthetically active radiation data supports the hypothesis that rind oil content
is correlated with light exposure. To optimise rind oil content of lemons, trees should not be
too dense or too high as to overshadow the lower parts of adjacent trees.
South Africa has a diverse climate, and rind oil content from fruit produced in different
growing regions was compared. 'Eureka' lemon fruit from Upington had the highest rind oil
content in all seasons sampled. Fruit from Malelane and Marble Hall ranked second to
Upington and rind oil content for fruit from Karino was intermediate. Rind oil content for
fruit from Vaalharts was the lowest at each sampling time. When rind oil content was
regressed against cumulative heat units there was a positive linear relationship in 2003, but in 2004 the relationship was weak. However, III general, rind oil content increased with
increasing heat unit accumulation.
A large variation exists among citrus cultivars and rootstocks and their effect on fruit growth
and quality. 'Lirnoneira 8A', followed by 'Cicily', 'Lisbon' and 'Genoa' had the highest rind
oil content. 'Villafranca', 'Messina' and 'Yen Ben Lisbon' had the lowest rind oil content.
Rind oil content from 'Eureka' lemon fruit was disappointingly low. Seedless cultivars,
'Eureka SL' and 'Lisbon SL', had ~18.0% higher rind oil content than the seeded cultivars
from which they were derived. With regards to rootstock, fruit from lemon trees budded on
non-invigorating rootstocks, e.g. X639 [e. reshni Hort. ex Tan. x P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.], had
the highest rind oil content, whereas rind oil content was low on invigorating rootstocks such
as rough lemon (e. jambhiri Lush.).
Synthetic gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and auxins were applied on lemon trees at
different times and concentrations to screen their ability to enhance rind oil content. Of all
the gibberellins and cytokinins applied, Promalin®, a combination of gibberellic acid 4/7 and
benzyl adenine-phosphate, a cytokinin, had a small, but nonsignificant effect on rind oil
content. Ethephon, which induces ethylene synthesis, affected rind oil content in 2004, when
applied 8 weeks before harvest. However, ethephon and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, an
ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor) had an inconsistent effect on lemon rind oil content. Auxins
did not affect rind oil content. Further experiments should be conducted, especially on the
timing and concentration of applied gibberellins, e.g. Promalin®, and ethephon. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Essensiële olies is vlugtige, natuurlike plantolies wat al vir eeue deur die mens gebruik word.
Sitrus essensiële olies het verskeie toepassings en van hierdie sitrus olies is dié verkry uit
suurlemoenskil [Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.] die belangrikste. Skiloliekliere is in die eksokarp,
of flavedo, van die vrug geleë en vorm skisogenies. Die doelwit van hierdie navorsing was
om faktore wat die olie-inhoud van suurlemoenskil affekteer te kwantifiseer. Faktore wat
bestudeer is sluit ligblootstelling en posisie in die boom, produksiearea in Suid-Afrika, en
genotipe (bo- en onderstam) in. Ook is saadlose klone vergelyk met die kultivars waaruit dit
ontwikkel is. Verskeie plantgroeireguleerders se effek op skilolie-inhoud is ook geëvalueer.
Ligblootstelling het skilolie-inhoud van 'Eureka' suurlemoene affekteer toe monsters van
verskillende posisies in die boomtop vergelyk is. Vrugte aan die noorde- en buitekant, of
hoër in die boom het die hoogste skilolie-inhoud gehad. Vrugte binne die plantry het minder
skilolie bevat. Fotosinteties-aktiewe ligvlakmetings ondersteun die hipotese dat skilolieinhoud
korreleer met ligblootstelling. Vir opitmale skilolie-inhoud in suurlemoene is dit dus
belangrik dat bome nie te dig of te hoog moet wees nie, sodat dit nie die onderste dele van
aangrensende bome oorskadu nie.
Sitrus word in diverse klimaatstreke in Suid-Afrika verbou. Gevolglik is die skilolie-inhoud
van vrugte uit verskillende produksieareas vergelyk. 'Eureka' suurlemoenvrugte uit Upington
het met elke monsterneming die hoogste skilolie-inhoud gehad, gevolg deur vrugte uit
Malelane en Marble Hall. Skilolie-inhoud van vrugte uit Karino was gemiddeld, terwyl
vrugte van Vaalhaarts met elke monsterneming die laagste skilolie-inhoud gehad het.
Regressie van skilolie-inhoud op kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede het 'n positiewe lineêre verwantskap in 2003 getoon. Hoewel die verwantskap swakker was in 2004, neem skilolieinhoud
oor die algemeen toe met toenemende akkumulasie van hitte-eenhede.
Sitruskultivars en -onderstamme varieer aansienlik in groeikrag en vrugkwaliteit. 'Lirnoneira
8A', gevolg deur 'Cicily', 'Lisbon' en 'Genoa' het die hoogste skilolie-inhoud gehad, terwyl
'Villafranca', 'Messina' en 'Yen Ben Lisbon' die laagste skilolie-inhoud gehad het. Die
skilolie-inhoud van 'Eureka' suurlemoene was teleurstellend laag. Die skilolie-inhoud van
die saadlose kultivars, 'Eureka SL' en 'Lisbon SL', was -18% hoër as die skilolie-inhoud van
die kultivars waaruit dit ontwikkel is. Vrugte van bome wat op minder groeikragtige
onderstamme geënt is, bv. X639 [C reshni Hort. ex Tan. x P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.], het 'n hoë
skilolie-inhoud gehad, terwyl vrugte van bome op groeikragtige onderstamme, bv.
growweskilsuurlemoen (C jambhiri Lush.), minder skilolie bevat het.
Sintetiese gibberelliene, sitokiniene, etileen en ouksiene is op verskillende tye en teen
verskillende dosisse op suurlemoenbome toegedien om die effek daarvan op skilolie-inhoud te
bepaal. Promalin® (G~+7 en bensieladenienfosfaat) het 'n klein effek op skilolie-inhoud
gehad, maar die effek was nie statisties beduidend nie. Ethephon, wat etileensintese induseer,
het skilolie-inhoud in 2004 geaffekteer toe dit 8 weke voor oes toegedien is. Ethephon en
aminoetoksievinielglisien (AVG, 'n etileenbiosintese inhibeerder) het egter nie 'n konstante
effek op suurlemoen skilolie-inhoud gehad nie. Ouksiene het nie skilolie-inhoud geaffekteer
me. Verdere eksperimente is veral nodig op die toedieningstyd en konsentrasie van
toegediende gibberelliene, bv. Promalin®, en ethephon.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:sun/oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/50352 |
| Date | 12 1900 |
| Creators | Van der Merwe, Hester E. (Hester Elizabeth) |
| Contributors | Barry, G. H., Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Horticulture. |
| Publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | en_ZA |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | 112 p. : ill. |
| Rights | Stellenbosch University |
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