A close critical scrutiny of Anne Brontë’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, Thomas
Hardy’s A Pair of Blue Eyes, and Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking-Glass reveals that
these texts are linked through their use of a chess metaphor, a device that symbolizes how
the central female characters of these works become stalemated in their efforts to achieve
autonomy. While the disparate but related paths these characters take can be likened to
the predetermined progress of a pawn that travels the length of a chessboard to become
a queen, what Brontë, Hardy, and Carroll all recognize is that this process of becoming
is by no means a fulfilling one. Rather, it only serves to reveal how trapped Helen,
Elfride, and Alice are within a game in which Victorian society designates them as
players of only secondary importance.
There is a general movement towards a more complex integration of the chess
motif as we move from Brontë to Hardy and finally, to Carroll. Brontë’s incidental chess
scene is reminiscent of Thomas Middleton’s use of a similar episode in Women Beware
Women, and shows less sophistication than what Hardy or Carroll achieve because her
moral realism lacks the creative touches found in either Hardy’s use of symbolic imagery
or Carroll’s use of the fantastic and the unorthodox. However, Brontë juxtaposes her chess game with Helen’s discovery of Huntingdon’s infidelity to demonstrate how her
heroine becomes trapped within a game that she is willingly coerced into playing.
If Brontë suggests that relationships are like chess games played according to rules
that seriously limit a woman’s ability to compete, Hardy goes to even greater lengths in
using chess to show how his Wessex universe operates as its own evolving game
environment, replete with obstacles and conflicts that prove catastrophic for a player as
unprepared as Elfride. Indeed, Hardy’s allusion to Shakespeare’s The Tempest is critical
in demonstrating how in matters of social game-playing, his heroine suffers from the
unsatisfactory education she receives from her controlling father. Hardy shows greater
sophistication than Brontë in using parallel chess episodes to comment on the progress of
Elfride’s relationships, and he even refers to a specific opening system in chess, the
Muzio Gambit, whose catalogue of moves prefigures Elfride’s romantic involvements
with Stephen and Henry, as well as the unavoidable problems she encounters from the
novel’s vengeful Black Queen, Mrs. Jethway. Unlike Brontë, Hardy recognizes that fate
is not so careful about giving individuals what they deserve, and that a character like
Elfride can pay a heavy price for her romantic misdemeanours.
However, neither Brontë nor Hardy achieves what Carroll does in Through the
Looking-Glass, a work that can be seen to follow in the tradition of Middleton’s A Game
at Chess, and which not only incorporates the game but structures its plot on the solution
to an unorthodox chess problem. If Brontë is to be celebrated for her honest portrayal
of a woman who becomes trapped in a destructive marriage, and Hardy can be
commended for showing how his heroine’s education in social game-playing undermines
her relationships with men, Carroll’s genius rests in his ability to illustrate these kinds
of experiences on a chess board through Alice’s dream of travelling across Looking-Glass
land to become a queen. He does not simply give us the impression that a girl’s progress
towards womanhood is like a pawn’s promotion in chess, but instead integrates these two concepts into a single experience. He also keeps the reader off guard by creating an unorthodox chess problem and a curious cast of characters, giving us a sense of being
caught in a game of our own. The result of all of this is that we are drawn into Carroll’s
games even as we view them as spectators, and the critical giddiness we experience in
the process both helps us to share a sense of Alice’s predicament in her frustrated quest
to find fulfilment, and allows us to appreciate the underlying thematic implications of the
chess motif in the narrative. / Graduate
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:uvic.ca/oai:dspace.library.uvic.ca:1828/8275 |
| Date | 12 June 2017 |
| Creators | Downey, Glen Robert |
| Contributors | Smith, Herbert F. |
| Source Sets | University of Victoria |
| Language | English, English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Rights | Available to the World Wide Web |
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