Pain is a significant health problem. Mu opioid receptor agonists are used clinically as analgesics, but their use is constrained by high abuse liability. Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is a preclinical behavioral procedure that has been used to assess abuse potential of opioids, and drug-induced facilitation of ICSS is interpreted as an abuse-related effect. ICSS can also be used as a behavioral baseline to detect affective dimensions of pain. Specifically, pain-related depression of ICSS can model pain-related depression of behavior and mood, and drug-induced blockade of pain-related ICSS depression can serve as a measure of affective analgesia. This dissertation used mu agonists that vary in efficacy at the mu receptor (methadone> fentanyl> morphine> hydrocodone> buprenorphine> nalbuphine) and compared their effects on ICSS in the absence (phase one) or presence (phase 2) of pain. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were equipped with intracranial electrodes targeting the medial forebrain bundle and trained to lever press for brain stimulation. Different frequencies of stimulation maintained a frequency-dependent increase in ICSS rates, and permitted detection of both rate-increasing and rate-decreasing treatment effects. During phase 1, medium- and high-efficacy mu agonists produced initial rate-decreasing effects, followed by abuse-related rate-increasing effects at later time points. Repeated morphine administration produced tolerance to its own rate-decreasing effects, cross-tolerance to rate-decreasing effects of other mu agonists, and enhanced expression of rate-increasing effects. Low efficacy mu agonists only produced rate-increasing effects, which were enhanced after repeated morphine. These results suggest that previous opioid exposure increases expression of abuse-related facilitation of ICSS by mu agonists regardless of efficacy. During phase 2, intraperitoneal administration of lactic acid (1.8%) served as a noxious stimulus to depress ICSS. All mu agonists blocked acid-induced depression of ICSS at doses similar to those that facilitated ICSS in the absence of pain. A higher intensity noxious stimulus (5.6 % acid) produced further depression of ICSS and reduced the antinociceptive potency of both methadone and nalbuphine. Morphine antinociception was resistant to tolerance in the assay of acid-depressed ICSS. Overall, these results provide a basis for comparing determinants of abuse-related opioid effects in the absence of pain with their affective analgesic effects in the presence of pain.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:vcu.edu/oai:scholarscompass.vcu.edu:etd-1517 |
| Date | 02 May 2013 |
| Creators | Altarifi, Ahmad |
| Publisher | VCU Scholars Compass |
| Source Sets | Virginia Commonwealth University |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | Theses and Dissertations |
| Rights | © The Author |
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