<p>[<sup>11</sup>C]Carbon monoxide in low concentrations has been used in palladium- or seleniummediated carbonylation reactions such as the synthesis of <sup>11</sup>C-imides, hydrazides, amides, carboxylic acids, esters, carbothioates, ketones and carbamoyl compounds.</p><p>In these reactions aryl iodides have been used in most cases. However, less reactive aryl triflate, chloride and bromides were activated using tetrabutylammonium iodide.</p><p>The reactivities of nucleophiles may have influence on the radiochemical yield of the <sup>11</sup>Clabelled compounds. Carboxyamination of aryl halides using aniline derivatives yielded 10% of the corresponding <sup>11</sup>C-amide. However, the radiochemical yields increased significantly when the aniline derivatives were treated with lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide. In contrast, this reagent did not improve the radiochemical yields when primary amines such as methylamine and benzylamine were used. In these cases the radiochemical yields were improved by using pempidine.</p><p><sup>11</sup>C-Esterification usually gave low yields. However, the radiochemical yields of <sup>11</sup>C-esters could be improved by using magnesium bromide and pempidine.</p><p>An excess of ligand may have a significant impact on palladium-promoted carbonylation reaction. The radiochemical yields of <sup>11</sup>C-ketones were improved when using excess amounts of tri-o-tolylphosphine.</p><p>(<sup>13</sup>C)Carbon monoxide may be utilized for the synthesis of <sup>13</sup>C-substituated compounds in order to confirm the position of <sup>11</sup>C-labelling.</p>
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:UPSALLA/oai:DiVA.org:uu-2931 |
| Date | January 2002 |
| Creators | Karimi, Farhad |
| Publisher | Uppsala University, Organic Chemistry, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis |
| Source Sets | DiVA Archive at Upsalla University |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary, text |
| Relation | Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology, 1104-232X ; 769 |
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