Pancreatic cancer is one of the most devastating human cancers with the lowest survival rate among 24 commonly diagnosed cancers. It is the seventh and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world and Hong Kong respectively. The current pancreatic cancer treatment options, have limited efficacy and undesirable side effects. Because of the high mortality rate and unsatisfactory treatment outcome, it is necessary to develop new strategies for pancreatic cancer therapy. / In human, an abundant arginine reserve is known to be crucial for tumor cell proliferation. Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid because most of the somatic cells can re-synthesize it from other metabolites like citrulline in urea cycle. However, arginine auxotrophy is observed in certain tumors, such as hepatocarcinoma, melanoma and sarcoma, where restriction or depletion of arginine will lead to tumor death. Further studies have found that deficiency in either argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) or ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) expression contributes to arginine auxotrophy in these tumors. These findings implicated the potential of using arginine deprivation as a novel pancreatic cancer treatment strategy. / PEG-BCT-100 is a pegylated recombinant human arginase that metabolizes arginine into urea and ornithine. This study examined the preclinical anti-tumor efficacy of PEG-BCT-100 and the underlying mechanism in pancreatic cancer. Six pancreatic cancer cell lines AsPC-1, BxPC-3, CFPAC-1, Capan-2, MIA PaCa-2 and Panc10.05 were used as in vitro cell model. Cell growth was either completely stopped or dramatically reduced in arginine-free medium, suggesting pancreatic cancer cells were arginine auxotrophic. The protein and mRNA expression levels of the ASS1, OTC and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), which are enzymes involved in arginine, were studied. The results showed that ASL was highly expressed in all cell lines, suggesting it is not an essential regulator in arginine auxotrophy in pancreatic cancer. On the other hand, ASS1 was only detected in BxPC-3 and CFPAC-1, while OTC was undetectable in all cell lines in both mRNA and protein levels. The effect of PEG-BCT-100 was illustrated via cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and viability. Single drug effect combining PEG-BCT-100 with other anti-tumor drugs, such as 5-FU and gemcitabine, was further explored. Synergistic effect of PEG-BCT-100 and gemcitabine under combination of PEG-BCT-100 and gemcitabine was observed in CFPAC-1 and MIA PaCa-2. Overexpression of OTC and ASS1 decreased the sensitivity of towards PEG-BCT-100 significantly. Taken together, OTC deficiency is a potential indicative marker for the sensitivity of arginine depletion treatment in pancreatic cancer. / 胰腺癌是最具毀滅性的人類癌症之一，在二十四種常見的癌症中，它有着最低的存活率。儘管不在發病率最高的十種癌症中，胰腺癌仍舊是世界第七大致死癌症，以及香港第六大致死癌症。手術治療，放射治療，以及化學藥物治療是現今常用的胰腺癌治療手段，但是這些療法不是限制繁多，就是收效甚微，並常常伴有強烈的副作用。由於胰腺癌具有很高的致死率以及缺乏有效的治療方法，所以新的治療策略亟待開發。 / 於人類而言，精氨酸是一種半必需氨基酸，因爲它可以通過尿素循環中的其他代謝產物，如鳥氨酸以及瓜氨酸，重新合成。然而，精氨酸缺陷出現在多種腫瘤中，像肝癌，黑色素瘤，以及血癌。限制或者減少精氨酸的供應會導致這些腫瘤死亡。除此之外，腫瘤細胞的快速生長也依賴於充足的精氨酸。進一步的研究表明，在這些腫瘤中，精氨琥珀酸合成酶1（ASS1）或者鳥氨酸氨甲醯基轉移酶（OTC）的任意一個缺乏都會導致精氨酸缺陷。本文將探討將剝奪精氨酸作爲一種新策略來治療胰腺癌的可行性。 / PEG-BCT-100又名金氨素，是一種聚乙二醇化重組人精氨酸酶，它可以催化精氨酸分解爲尿素和鳥氨酸。我們研究了PEG-BCT-100在胰腺癌細胞中的抗癌效果以及探討了與其相關的作用機理。在我們的研究中，AsPC-1, BxPC-3, CFPAC-1, Capan-2, MIA PaCa-2以及Panc10.05這六個細胞株用作體外的細胞模型。爲了評估PEG-BCT-100治療胰腺癌的可行性，我們首先調查了精氨酸對胰腺癌細胞的重要性。通過將這些胰腺癌細胞培養在有精氨酸供應和沒有精氨酸供應的完全培養基中，我們發現剝奪精氨酸能完全停止或者極大地減少了胰腺癌細胞的生長。這說明了這些胰腺癌細胞也都是精氨酸營養缺陷型的細胞。通過蛋白印跡和實時定量聚合酶鏈式反應實驗，我們進一步研究了精氨酸代謝相關基因在這些胰腺癌細胞中的表達水平。結果表明，精氨琥珀酸裂解酶（ASL）在全部的六條細胞系中都有被檢測到。ASS1只出現在BxPC-3和CFPAC-1中。然而在全部的細胞中，無論是蛋白質水平還是mRNA水平，OTC都沒有被檢測到。緊接着，我們研究了PEG-BCT-100在胰腺癌細胞活力，細胞增殖，細胞週期以及細胞凋亡等方面的影響。結果表明，PEG-BCT-100可以從多個方面抑制胰腺癌細胞。我們還嘗試探索了PEG-BCT-100與其他胰腺癌治療藥物在胰腺癌細胞中的聯合使用效果。然後發現PEG-BCT-100與吉西他滨（gemcitabine）聯合使用具有協同效果。最後，我們構建了四種不同表達類型的MIA PaCa-2細胞模型：（ASS1-/OTC-）, (ASS1-/OTC+), (ASS1+/OTC-)以及(ASS1+/OTC+)。接着我們測試了PEG-BCT-100在這些細胞模型中的效果。結果表明，同時在MIA PaCa-2細胞中表達ASS1和OTC可以明顯地提高其對PEG-BCT-100的抗性，單表達其中一個基因對PEG-BCT-100的抗性也有些許提高，但效果不如雙表達明顯。 / 總而言之，對於胰腺癌細胞而言，精氨酸是必不可少的。PEG-BCT-100有很明顯的胰腺癌效果。在胰腺癌中，OTC的表達情況可以作爲預估PEG-BCT-100治療效果的重要生物標誌。 / Deng, Haohao. / Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-117). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 14, October, 2016). / Deng, Haohao. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:cuhk.edu.hk/oai:cuhk-dr:cuhk_1291527 |
| Date | January 2015 |
| Contributors | Deng, Haohao (author.), Wong, Chi Hang (thesis advisor.), Chan, Stephen Lam (thesis advisor.), Chinese University of Hong Kong Graduate School. Division of Medical Sciences. (degree granting institution.) |
| Source Sets | The Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Language | English, Chinese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Text, bibliography, text |
| Format | electronic resource], electronic resource, remote, 1 online resource (xv, 117 leaves) : illustrations (some color), computer, online resource |
| Rights | Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International" License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) |
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