目的： / TGF-β/Smad信号通路在慢性肾脏纤维化疾病中有着重要的作用。大量研究证实Smad3在TGF-β/Smad信号介导的肾脏纤维化过程中发挥着关键的作用，但TGF-β/Smad3这一关键信号通路的分子机制尚不明确。该论文研究假设TGF-β通过Smad3介导的microRNA-21（miR-21）导致肾脏纤维化；特异性的针对miR-21将有助于提供有效的、创新性的方法治疗慢性肾脏纤维化疾病。 / 方法： / 该论文研究利用大鼠肾小管上皮细胞株（TEC）及系膜细胞株(MC)，探讨TGF-β1诱导miR-21表达增高的机制；通过过表达及抑制miR-21在上述细胞株的表达，研究miR-21在TGF-β1的刺激及高糖环境下，对肾脏纤维化的影响。进一步通过采用超声微泡介导基因转入技术，将miR-21 shRNA质粒特异性的诱导入梗阻性肾病小鼠模型（UUO）及糖尿病肾病db/db小鼠模型的肾脏中，体内研究抑制miR-21对纤维化的治疗作用。通过荧光素酶报告分析，检测miR-21的靶基因。 / 结果： / 通过微阵列（microarray）及实时荧光定量PCR（realtime PCR）技术，检测miR-21在TGF-β1及高糖的刺激下的表达水平，结果发现其表达在TEC及MC均明显升高。进一步通过体内体外实验，在TGF-β1及高糖的刺激下，高表达的miR-21和TGF-β/Smad3信号通路的激活有关。体外对miR-21的功能进行研究，结果表明在TGF-β1及高糖的刺激下过表达miR-21促进TEC及MC纤维化的发生，而抑制miR-21的表达有效的降低TEC及MC的纤维化损伤。体内利用梗阻性肾病小鼠模型，通过采用超声微泡介导基因转入技术，将miR-21 shRNA质粒分别于模型前后特异性的诱导入小鼠肾脏，结果发现抑制miR-21的表达能有效地阻止肾脏纤维化的进展，减轻梗阻肾纤维化的程度；利用2型糖尿病肾病db/db小鼠模型，发现抑制miR-21的表达能减轻糖尿病肾病小鼠肾脏的纤维化及炎症程度，并改善糖尿病肾病小鼠的肾脏功能。采用荧光素酶报告分析，结果发现Smad7是miR-21的直接靶基因，miR-21通过直接抑制Smad7的表达从而影响肾脏纤维化和炎症。该论文的研究结果提示miR-21在慢性肾脏纤维化疾病中的治疗作用和前景。 / 结论： / miR-21作为TGF-β/Smad3信号通路的下游因子，在肾脏纤维化的发生发展中起着重要作用。特异性针对miR-21为肾脏纤维化疾病的治疗提供了创新性的有效方法。 / Objectives: / TGF-β/Smad signaling plays a critical role in renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is well known that Smad3 is a key mediator of downstream TGF-β/Smad signaling in renal fibrosis, however, the exact mode of TGF-β/Smad3 in renal fibrosis remains unclear. In this thesis, we tested a novel hypothesis that TGF-β may act by regulating the Smad3-dependent microRNA-21（miR-21） to mediate renal fibrosis and that specific targeting miR-21 may represent an effective and novel therapy for chronic kidney disease. / Methods: / The regulatory mechanism of TGF-β1-induced miR-21 expression via the Smad3-dependent pathway was studied in a rat NRK52E tubular epithelial cell (TEC) line and mesangial cell (MC) line. The functional role of miR-21 in renal fibrosis was investigated by overexpressing or down-regulating of miR-21 both in TGF-β1 and high glucose (HG) conditions in TEC and MC. The therapeutic potential role of miR-21 in kidney diseases were examined in unilateral ureteral obstructive (UUO) mouse model and in db/db mice by applying an ultrasound-microbubble-mediated anti-miR-21 gene transfer technique. The target gene of miR-21 was identified by luciferase reporter assays. / Results: / By microarray and realtime PCR, upregulation of miR-21 was observed in tubular epithelial cells (TECs) and mesangial cells (MCs) in response to TGF-β1 and high glucose (HG). Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the upregulation of miR-21 expression during renal fibrosis and diabetic conditions was dependent on the activation of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. The findings that overexpression of miR-21 promoted but knockdown of miR-21 suppressed TGF-β1-induced renal fibrosis and HG-induced diabetic kidney injury demonstrated the functional importance for miR-21 in fibrosis and inflammation in vitro. More importantly, ultrasound-microbubble-mediated gene transfer of a miR-21 knockdown plasmid into the mouse kidney before and after established unilateral ureteral obstructive (UUO) nephropathy was able to prevent and halt the progression of renal fibrosis. Furthermore, we also found that blockade of miR-21 was capable of attenuating diabetic kidney injury including progressive renal fibrosis and inflammation, as well as renal functional injury in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes in db/db mice. The functional role of miR-21 on renal fibrosis and inflammation was through Smad7, which was identified as a direct target gene of miR-21. All these results revealed a therapeutic potential for targeting miR-21 in chronic kidney disease. / Conclusions: / In conclusion, miR-21 is a downstream mediator of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling and plays a critical role in the development of renal fibrosis. Targeting miR-21 may represent a novel and effective therapy to combat renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Zhong, Xiang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-221). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi / DECLARATION --- p.xiv / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.xv / LISTS OF ABBREVIATION --- p.xvii / LISTS OF FIGURES AND TABLES --- p.xx / PUBLICATIONS --- p.xxvi / Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- MicroRNA --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Biogenesis and Function of MicroRNA --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Recognition of MicroRNA Target --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- MicroRNA-21 --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The Role of miR-21 In Fibrosis-related Disease --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The Role of miR-21 In Inflammatory Disease --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- The Regulation of miR-21 --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3 --- TGF-β/SMADS SIGNALING IN RENAL FIBROSIS --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- TGF-β/Smads Signaling --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- The Diverse Role of TGF-β/Smads Signaling In Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- The Diverse Role of TGF-β1 In Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- The Diverse Role of Smad2 and Smad3 In Renal Fibrosis --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- The Inhibitory Role of Smad7 In Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4 --- THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF MIR-21 IN RENAL FIBROSIS --- p.24 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1 --- MATERIALS --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Reagents --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Reagents for Cloning --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Reagents for Cell Culture --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- Reagents for Realtime RT-PCR --- p.27 / Chapter (1) --- For miR-21 Assay --- p.27 / Chapter (2) --- For Fibrotic and Inflammatory Index Assay --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.1.4 --- Reagents for Western Blot --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.1.5 --- Reagents for In Situ Hybridization (ISH) --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.1.6 --- Reagents for Immunochemistry Staining --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.1.7 --- Reagents for Luciferase Activity Assay --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.1.8 --- Reagents for CHIP Assay --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.1.9 --- Reagents for Urine Albumin Excretion Measurement --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Buffers --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Buffers for Western Blot --- p.31 / Chapter (1) --- RIPA Lysis Buffer --- p.31 / Chapter (2) --- 4× SDS Loading Sample Buffer --- p.32 / Chapter (3) --- 10% Ammonia Persulfate (10% APS) --- p.33 / Chapter (4) --- 1.5 M Tris Buffer Mix (For 15% Resolving Gel) --- p.33 / Chapter (5) --- 1.5 M Tris Buffer Mix (For 12% Resolving Gel) --- p.33 / Chapter (6) --- 1.5 M Tris Buffer Mix (For 10% Resolving Gel) --- p.33 / Chapter (7) --- 0.5 M Tris Buffer Mix (For 4% Stacking Gel) --- p.34 / Chapter (8) --- 15% Resolving Gel --- p.34 / Chapter (9) --- 12% Resolving Gel --- p.34 / Chapter (10) --- 10% Resolving Gel --- p.35 / Chapter (11) --- 4% Stacking Gel --- p.35 / Chapter (12) --- Tris Buffered Saline (TBS) --- p.35 / Chapter (13) --- TBS-Tween 20 (TBS-T) --- p.36 / Chapter (14) --- SDS-PAGE Electrophoresis Running Buffer --- p.36 / Chapter (15) --- Transfer Buffer without SDS --- p.36 / Chapter (16) --- Transfer Buffer --- p.37 / Chapter (17) --- Blocking Buffer --- p.37 / Chapter (18) --- Antibody Diluent Buffer --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Buffers for Immunochemistry Staining --- p.37 / Chapter (1) --- Methyl Carnoy's Fixative --- p.37 / Chapter (2) --- Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) --- p.38 / Chapter (3) --- Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) Inactivation Solution --- p.38 / Chapter (4) --- Microwave-based Antigen-retrieval Solution --- p.38 / Chapter (5) --- Blocking Buffer --- p.39 / Chapter (7) --- Substrate Solution for Fast Blue Staining --- p.39 / Chapter (8) --- Substrate Solution for DAB Staining --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Buffers for In Situ Hybridization (ISH) --- p.40 / Chapter (1) --- Fixative Solution --- p.40 / Chapter (2) --- DEPC-treated Water --- p.40 / Chapter (3) --- DEPC-treated PBS --- p.40 / Chapter (4) --- 0.2N HCl --- p.41 / Chapter (5) --- Proteinase K Solution --- p.41 / Chapter (6) --- 5XSSC/50% Deionized Formamide --- p.41 / Chapter (7) --- 5XSSC --- p.41 / Chapter (8) --- 2XSSC --- p.41 / Chapter (9) --- 0.2XSSC --- p.42 / Chapter (10) --- Hybridization Solution --- p.42 / Chapter (11) --- Solution B1 --- p.42 / Chapter (12) --- Solution B2 --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Antibodies --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- The Primary Antibodies --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- The Second Antibodies --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Primers --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.4.1 --- Primers for Realtime RT-PCR --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.4.2 --- Primers for Luciferase Activity Assay --- p.46 / Chapter 2.1.4.3 --- Primers for CHIP Assay --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Equipments --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.5.1 --- Equipments for Cloning --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.5.2 --- Equipments for Cell Culture --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.5.3 --- Equipments for Realtime RT-PCR --- p.48 / Chapter 2.1.5.4 --- Equipments for Immunochemistry Staining --- p.48 / Chapter 2.1.5.5 --- Equipments for Western Blot --- p.48 / Chapter 2.1.5.6 --- Equipments for Luciferase Activity Assay --- p.49 / Chapter 2.1.5.7 --- Equipments for CHIP Assay --- p.49 / Chapter 2.1.5.8 --- Equipments for Urine Albumin Excretion Measurement --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2 --- METHODS --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Cloning --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Cloning Doxcycline-inducible overexpression of MiR-21 and Knockdown of MiR-21 expression plasmids --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Cloning Smad7 3’UTR Luciferase Reporter Plasmids --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Cell Cultures --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- NRK52E Cell Lines and rat Mesengial Cell Lines --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Transient Transfection with microRNAs in TECs --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Construct Doxcycline-inducible Overexpression of MiR-21 and Knockdown of MiR-21 Stable Cell Lines in NRK52E and MCs --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Animal Models --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO) Mouse Model --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Diabetes Model --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Ultrasound-Mediated Gene Transfer --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Real Time RT-PCR --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- Total RNA Isolation --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- Reverse Transcription --- p.56 / Chapter (1) --- RT For MiR-21 Assay --- p.57 / Chapter (2) --- RT for Fibrotic and Inflammatory Index Assay --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.5.3 --- Realtime PCR --- p.58 / Chapter (1) --- Realtime PCR For MiR-21 Assay --- p.58 / Chapter (2) --- Realtime PCR for Fibrotic and Inflammatory Index Assay --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.5.4 --- Analysis of Realtime RT-PCR --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Western Blot --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- Protein Preparation --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- Running in SDS-PAGE --- p.60 / Chapter 2.2.6.3 --- Transfer --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.6.4 --- Blocking --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.6.5 --- Incubation --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.6.6 --- Scanning --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.6.7 --- Stripping --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- PAS Staining --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.7.1 --- Tissue Handling and Fixation --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.7.2 --- Tissue Embedding and Sectioning --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.7.3 --- Preparation of Paraffin Tissue Sections for PAS Staining --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.7.4 --- PAS Staining --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.7.5 --- Quantitative Analysis of PAS Staining --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Immunochemistry Staining --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.8.1 --- Tissue Handling and Fixation --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.8.2 --- Tissue Embedding and Sectioning --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.8.3 --- Preparation of Paraffin Tissue Sections for Immunostaining --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.8.4 --- Immunostaining --- p.66 / Chapter (1) --- Antigen-Antibody Reaction --- p.66 / Chapter (2) --- Signal Detection --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2.8.5 --- Quantitative Analysis of Immunohistochemistry --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- In Situ Hybridization(ISH) --- p.68 / Chapter 2.2.9.1 --- Tissue Handling and Fixation --- p.68 / Chapter 2.2.9.2 --- Tissue Embedding and Sectioning --- p.68 / Chapter 2.2.9.3 --- Deparaffinization and Dewaxing --- p.68 / Chapter 2.2.9.4 --- Digestion --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.9.5 --- Pre-Hybridization --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.9.6 --- Hybridization --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.9.7 --- Washing --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.9.8 --- Blocking --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.9.9 --- Incubation with anti-DIG Reagent --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.9.10 --- Equilibration --- p.71 / Chapter 2.2.9.11 --- Signaling Detection --- p.71 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Luciferase Activity Assay --- p.71 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- CHIP Analysis --- p.72 / Chapter 2.2.12 --- Urine Albumin Excretion Measurement --- p.73 / Chapter 2.2.12.1 --- Microalbuminuria Measurement --- p.73 / Chapter 2.2.12.2 --- Creatinine Measurement --- p.74 / Chapter 2.2.13 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.74 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- THE ROLE OF MIR-21 IN TGF-BETA-INDUCED RENAL FIBROSIS IN VITRO --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2 --- MATERIAS AND METHODS --- p.77 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cell Culture --- p.77 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Transient Transfection with microRNAs --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Construction of Inducible Stable Cell Lines of miR-21 Overexpression and Knockdown --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Realtime RT-PCR --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Analysis --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Western Blot Analysis --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3 --- RESULTS --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- The Expression of miR-21 Is Up-regulated in TGF-β-induced Renal Fibrosis In Vitro --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The Up-regulation of miR-21 Is Mediated by TGF-β/Smad Signaling during Renal Fibrosis In Vitro --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- The Up-regulation of miR-21 Depends On the Activation of TGF-β Signaling During Renal Fibrosis In Vitro --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- The Up-regulation of miR-21 in Response to TGF-β1 Is Positively Mediated by Smad3, Negatively by Smad2 --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- The Up-regulation of miR-21 in Response to TGF-β1 Is Physically Regulated by Smad3 in CHIP Assay --- p.86 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- miR-21 Plays an Important Role in TGF-β-induced Renal Fibrosis In Vitro --- p.89 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- The Role of miR-21 in Renal Fibrosis Is Identified by Transient Transfection with miR-21 Mimic or Anti-miR-21 --- p.89 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- The Role of miR-21 in Renal Fibrosis Is Identified by Applied Inducible-Stable Cell Lines which Is Overexpression of miR-21 or Knockdown of miR-21 in TECs --- p.92 / Chapter (1) --- Characterize the Inducible-Stable Cell Lines which Is Overexpression of miR-21 or Knockdown of miR-21 in TECs --- p.92 / Chapter (2) --- Overexpression of miR-21 Enhances the TGF-β-induced Renal Fibrosis In Vitro --- p.95 / Chapter (3) --- Knockdown of miR-21 Inhibits the TGF-β-induced Renal Fibrosis In Vitro --- p.99 / Chapter 3.4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.106 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- THE THERAPUTIC ROLE OF MIR-21 IN UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (uuo)-INDUCED RENAL FIBROSIS IN VIVO --- p.107 / Chapter 4.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2 --- MATERIAS AND METHODS --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Animal Model of Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO) --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Ultrasound-mediated Gene Transfer of Inducible miR-21 shRNA Plasmids Into the Ligated Kidneys --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Realtime RT-PCR --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Western Blot Analysis --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- PAS Staining --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Immunohistochemistry Staining --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- In Situ Hybridization --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3 --- RESULTS --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The Expression of miR-21 Is Up-regulated in Renal Fibrosis in UUO Mouse Model --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Induce miR-21 siRNA Plasmid into the Kidney by Using Ultrasound-microbubble-mediated Gene Transfer Technique --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Determine Transgene Expression --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Determine Gene Transfer Rate --- p.117 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Determine Gene Transfer Safety --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Knockdown of miR-21 Prevents the Development of Renal Fibrosis in UUO Mice --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Delivery of miR-21 shRNA Plasmid Suppresses the Expression of miR-21 and TGF-β1 in UUO Mouse Model --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Knockdown of MiR-21 Suppresses the Deposition of Collagen I, Fibronectin and α-SMA in UUO Mouse Model --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Knockdown of MiR-21 Suppresses the mRNA Levels of Collagen I, Fibronectin and α-SMA expression in UUO Mouse Model --- p.127 / Chapter 4.3.3.4 --- Knockdown of miR-21 Suppresses the Protein Levels of Collagen I, Fibronectin and α-SMA Expression in UUO Mouse Model --- p.129 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Knockdown of miR-21 Attenuates the Progressive of Renal Fibrosis in UUO Mice --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.4.1 --- Delivery miR-21 shRNA Plasmid Attenuates the Expression of miR-21 and TGF-β1 in Established UUO Mouse Model --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.4.2 --- Knockdown of MiR-21 Attenuates the Deposition of Collagen I, Fibronectin and α-SMA in Established UUO Mouse Model --- p.133 / Chapter 4.3.4.3 --- Knockdown of MiR-21 Attenuates the mRNA Levels of Collagen I, Fibronectin and α-SMA in Established UUO Mouse Model --- p.138 / Chapter 4.3.4.4 --- Knockdown of miR-21 Attenuates the Protein Levels of Collagen I, Fibronectin and α-SMA Expression in Established UUO Mouse Model --- p.140 / Chapter 4.4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.143 / Chapter 4.5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.145 / Chapter CHAPTER V --- THE ROLE OF MIR-21 IN DIABETIC KIDNEY INJURY --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.146 / Chapter 5.2 --- MATERIAS AND METHODS --- p.148 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Cell Culture --- p.148 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Construction of Inducible Stable Cell Lines of miR-21 Overexpression and Knockdown --- p.149 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Animal Model of db/db Mice --- p.149 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Ultrasound-mediated Gene Transfer of Inducible miR-21 shRNA Plasmids into the Kidneys of db/db Mice --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Realtime RT-PCR --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Western Blot Analysis --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- PAS Staining --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- Immunohistochemistry Staining --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2.9 --- Urine Albumin Excretion Measurement --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2.10 --- Construction of Plasmids and Luciferase reporter Assay --- p.152 / Chapter 5.2.11 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.152 / Chapter 5.3 --- RESULTS --- p.153 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- The Expression of miR-21 Is Increased Under Diabetic Conditions Both In Vitro and In Vivo --- p.153 / Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- The expression of miR-21 Is Increased in High Glucose Conditions in TECs and MCs --- p.153 / Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- The Expression of miR-21 Is Increased in Diabetic Kidney Injury in db/db Mouse Model --- p.155 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- The Expression of miR-21 Depends On The Activation of TGF-β/Smad Signaling Under Diabetic Conditions --- p.156 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- The Expression of MiR-21 Affects On Renal Fibrosis Under Diabetic Conditions In Vitro --- p.158 / Chapter 5.3.3.1 --- The Role of miR-21 in Renal Fibrosis Under Diabetic Conditions Is Identified in TECs --- p.158 / Chapter (1) --- Overexpression of miR-21 Enhances Renal Fibrosis in High Glucose Condition in TECs --- p.158 / Chapter (2) --- Knockdown of miR-21 Suppresses Renal Fibrosis in High Glucose Condition in TECs --- p.160 / Chapter 5.3.3.2 --- The Role of miR-21 in Renal Fibrosis Under Diabetic Conditions Is Identified in MCs --- p.162 / Chapter (1) --- Characterize the Inducible-Stable Cell Lines Which Is Overexpression of miR-21 or Knockdown of miR-21 in MCs --- p.162 / Chapter (3) --- Knockdown of miR-21 Suppresses Renal Fibrosis in High Glucose Condition in MCs --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- The Expression of miR-21 Affects On Renal Inflammation Under Diabetic Conditions In Vitro --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.4.1 --- The role of miR-21 in Renal Inflammation Under Diabetic Conditions Is Identified in TECs --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.4.2 --- The Role of miR-21 in Renal Inflammation Under Diabetic Conditions Is Identified in MCs --- p.169 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Knockdown of miR-21 Suppresses the Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation in db/db Mice --- p.172 / Chapter 5.3.5.1 --- Delivery of miR-21 siRNA suppresses the Expression of miR-21 in db/db Mice --- p.172 / Chapter 5.3.5.2 --- Knockdown of miR-21 Improves the Microalbuminuria in db/db Mice --- p.174 / Chapter 5.3.5.3 --- Knockdown of miR-21 Suppresses the Renal Fibrosis in db/db Mice --- p.176 / Chapter 5.3.5.4 --- Knockdown of miR-21 Suppresses the Renal Inflammation in db/db Mice --- p.183 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Identification of Smad7 Is A Directly Target of miR-21 Both In Vitro and In Vivo --- p.187 / Chapter 5.3.6.1 --- The Expression of miR-21 Negatively Regulates the Smad7 Expression Under Diabetic Conditions Both in vitro and in vivo. --- p.187 / Chapter 5.3.6.2 --- Knockdown of miR-21 Blocks the Smad7-mediated TGF-β and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. --- p.190 / Chapter 5.3.6.3 --- Smad7 Is A Directly Target of miR-21. --- p.192 / Chapter 5.4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.194 / Chapter 5.5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.197 / Chapter CHAPTER VI --- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION --- p.198 / Chapter 6.1 --- SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION --- p.200 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- The Up-regulation of miR-21 Was Observed in TGF-β- Induced Renal Fibrosis and Under Diabetic Conditions Both In Vitro and In Vivo. --- p.200 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- The Expression of miR-21 Is Regulated by TGF-β/Smad3 Signaling. --- p.200 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- The Expression of miR-21 Plays a Critical Role in Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation. --- p.201 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- MiR-21 Directly Targets on Smad7 to Regulate Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation. --- p.202 / Chapter 6.1.5 --- The Therapeutic Effect of miR-21 on Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation Is Developed in UUO and db/db Mouse Models. --- p.203 / Chapter 6.1.6 --- The Potential Clinical Use by Targeting On miR-21 --- p.204 / Chapter 6.2 --- CONCLUSION --- p.205 / REFERENCES --- p.206
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:cuhk.edu.hk/oai:cuhk-dr:cuhk_328496 |
| Date | January 2012 |
| Contributors | Zhong, Xiang, Chinese University of Hong Kong Graduate School. Division of Chemical Pathology. |
| Source Sets | The Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Language | English, Chinese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Text, bibliography |
| Format | electronic resource, electronic resource, remote, 1 online resource (xxvii, 221 leaves) : ill. (some col.) |
| Rights | Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) |
Page generated in 0.0069 seconds