Prion protein (PrP) is best known for its involvement in prion diseases. A normal, dynamic isoform of prion protein (PrP^C) transforms into a pathogenic, compact isoform (PrP^Sc) during prion disease pathogenesis. The PrP^Sc, acting as a template upon which PrP^C molecules are refolded into a likeness of itself, accumulates in the brain neurones and causes disease. It is the only known component of prions, proteinaceous infectious particles. Both prion protein isoforms have the same primary amino acid structure and are encoded by the same prion protein gene (PRNP). PRNP determines susceptibility/disposition to prion diseases and their phenotypes.¶The normal function of PRNP is elusive. The Prnp knock-out mice with disrupted ORF show only very subtle phenotype. A number of hypotheses were proposed on the function of mammalian PRNP. The extracellular, GPI-anchored, glycosylated mammalian PrP^C expressed in a heterogenous set of cells could: transport copper from extracellular to intracellular milieu, buffer copper from synapse, contribute to redox signalling, act neuroprotectively, mediate cell-cell contacts, affect lymphocyte activation, participate in nucleic acid metabolism, be a memory molecule, and be a signal-transduction protein.¶ Experimental evidence demonstrated a redundancy between the PRNP and another, unknown gene. The critical issue therefore is to discover new genes homologous with PRNP, candidates for this redundancy. Using unpublished data, a sequence of zebrafish cDNA sequenced by Prof. Tatjana Simonics group (University of Milan, Italy), I discovered a new paralogue of PRNP. By searching manually, and in a targeted fashion, data deposited in public biological databases, I compiled support for the new human gene Shadow of prion protein (SPRN) including the direct evidence, homology-based evidence and ab initio gene prediction. The protein product called Shadoo (shadow in Japanese) is an extracellular, potentially glycosylated and GPI-anchored protein of a mature size of 100-odd amino acids. It is conserved from fish (zebrafish, Fugu, Tetraodon) to mammals (human, mouse, rat), and exhibits similarity of overall protein features with PrP. Most remarkably, the Sho is the first human/mammalian protein apart from PrP that contains the middle hydrophobic region that is essential for both normal and pathogenic properties of PrP. As this region is critical for heterodimerization of PrP, Sho may have potential to interact with PrP and is a likely candidate for the Protein X. Mammalian SPRN could be predominantly expressed in brain (Tatjana Simonic Lab, University of Milan, Italy).¶ Using the same approach to search public databases, I found, in addition, a fish duplicate of SPRN called SPRNB, and defined a new vertebrate SPRN gene family. Further, I also expanded a number of known fish genes from the PRNP gene family. The total number of the new genes that I discovered is 11. With the representatives of two vertebrate gene family datasets in hand, I conducted comparative genomic analysis in order to determine evolutionary trajectories of the SPRN and PRNP genes. This analysis, complemented with phylogenetic studies (Dr. Lars Jermiin, University of Sydney, Australia), demonstrated conservative evolution of the mammalian SPRN gene, and more relaxed evolutionary constraints acting on the mammalian PRNP gene. This evolutionary dialectic challenges widely adopted view on the highly conserved vertebrate PRNP and indicates that the SPRN gene may have more prominent function. More conserved Sprn could therefore substitute for the loss of less conserved, dispensable Prnp in the Prnp knock-out mice. Furthermore, the pathogenic potential of PRNP may be a consequence of relaxed evolutionary constraints.¶ Depth of comparative genomic analysis, strategy to understand biological function, depends on the number of species in comparison and their relative evolutionary distance. To understand better evolution and function of mammalian PRNP, I isolated and characterized the PRNP gene from Australian model marsupial tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Marsupials are mammals separated from their eutherian relatives by roughly 180 million years. Comparison of the tammar wallaby and Brazilian opossum PrP with other vertebrate PrPs indicated patterns of evolution of the PrP regions. Whereas the repeat region is conserved within lineages but differs between lineages, the hydrophobic region is invariably conserved in all the PrPs. Conservation of PrP between marsupials and eutherians suggests that marsupial PrP could have the same pathogenic potential as eutherian PrPs. Using the marsupial PRNP gene in comparison with the PRNP genes from eutherian species in which prion diseases occur naturally (human, bovine, ovine) or experimentally (mouse), I defined gene regions that are conserved mammalian-wide and showed the utility of the marsupial genomic sequence for cross-species comparisons. These regions are potential regulatory elements that could govern gene expression and posttranscriptional control of mRNA activity. These findings shed new light on the normal function of mammalian PRNP supporting best the signal-transduction hypothesis. The normal function of PRNP may be triggering of signalling cascades which contribute to cell-cell interactions and may act anti-apoptotically. Yet, in the heterogenous set of cells expressing PrP^C these pathways will contribute to a number of cell-specific phenotypes, such as the synaptic plasticity and activation of lymphoid cells.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:ADTP/216777 |
| Date | January 2004 |
| Creators | Premzl, Marko, Marko.Premzl@anu.edu.au, premzl@excite.com |
| Publisher | The Australian National University. The John Curtin School of Medical Research |
| Source Sets | Australiasian Digital Theses Program |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Rights | http://www.anu.edu.au/legal/copyrit.html), Copyright Marko Premzl |
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