Amino acid biosynthesis is an essential process in living organisms. Certain amino acids can be synthesized by some organisms but not by others. L-Lysine is one of the essential amino acids that bacteria can synthesize but humans cannot. This is somewhat inconvenient for humans as much of their L-lysine must come from their diet. However, the lack of the lysine biosynthetic pathway in humans makes the bacterial enzymes within the pathway attractive drug targets. Recently, a novel lysine biosynthetic pathway was discovered in plants, Chlamydiae and some archaea. It is called the diaminopimelate aminotransferase (DAP-AT) pathway. In this pathway, LL-DAP-AT plays a key role by directly converting L-tetrahydrodipicolinate to LL-DAP in a single step. This is a quite interesting characteristic of LL-DAP-AT as the above conversion takes three sequential enzymatic steps in the previously known lysine biosynthetic pathways. Due to its absence in humans, LL-DAP-AT would be an attractive target for the development of novel antibiotics. In order to understand the catalytic mechanism and substrate recognition of LL-DAP-AT, the structural characterization of LL-DAP-AT is of paramount importance. In this thesis, the overall architecture of LL-DAP-AT and its substrate recognition mechanism revealed by the crystal structures of LL-DAP-AT from Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydia trachomatis will be discussed.
The crystal structure of the native LL-DAP-AT from A. thaliana (AtDAP-AT) presented in this thesis is the first structure of LL-DAP-AT to be determined. This structure revealed that LL-DAP-AT forms a functional homodimer and belongs to the type I fold family of PLP dependent aminotransferases. The subsequent determination of the substrate-bound AtDAP-AT structure showed how the two substrates, (LL-DAP and L-Glu) significantly different in size, are recognized by the same set of residues without significant conformational changes in the backbone structure. In addition, the LL-DAP-bound AtDAP-AT structure shows that the C-amino group of LL-DAP is recognized stereospecifically by the active site residues that are unique to the family of LL-DAP-AT enzymes.
Lastly, the chlamydial LL-DAP-AT presented in this thesis shows a new open conformation for LL-DAP-AT. The implications of the conformational flexibility of CtDAP-AT on the differences in substrate specificities among LL-DAP-AT are discussed.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:LACETR/oai:collectionscanada.gc.ca:AEU.10048/1649 |
| Date | 06 1900 |
| Creators | Watanabe, Nobuhiko |
| Contributors | James, Michael N. G. (Biochemistry), Glover, Mark J. N. (Biochemistry), Holmes, Charles F. B. (Biochemistry), Vederas, John C. (Chemistry), Anderson, Wayne F. (Molecular pharmacology and biological chemistry) |
| Source Sets | Library and Archives Canada ETDs Repository / Centre d'archives des thèses électroniques de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | 59683557 bytes, application/pdf |
| Relation | Watanabe, N., Cherney, M. M., van Belkum, M. J., Marcus, S. L., Flegel, M. D., Clay, M. D., Deyholos, M. K., Vederas, J. C., and James, M. N. G. (2007). Crystal structure of LL-diaminopimelate aminotransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana: a recently discovered enzyme in the biosynthesis of L-lysine by plants and Chlamydia. Journal of Molecular Biology. 371, 685-702., Watanabe, N., Clay, M. D., van Belkum, M. J., Cherney, M. M., Vederas, J. C., and James, M. N. G. (2008). Mechanism of substrate recognition and PLP-induced conformational changes in LL-diaminopimelate aminotransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Molecular Biology. 384, 1314-1329. |
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