A set of elements with a binary operation is called a system, or, more explicitly, a mathematical system. The following discussion will involve systems with only one operation. This operation will be denoted by "⋅" and will sometimes be referred to as a product.
A system, S, of n elements (x1, x2, ..., xn) is associative if xi ⋅ (xj ⋅ xk) = (xi ⋅ xj) ⋅ xk for all i, j, k ≤ n.
In a modern algebra class the following problem was proposed. What is the least number of elements a system can have and be non-associative? A system, S, of n elements (x1, x2, ..., xn) is associative if xi ⋅ (xj ⋅ xk) /= (xi ⋅ xj) ⋅ xk for some i, j, k ≤ n. It is obvious that a system of one element must be associative. Any binary operation could have but one result. A nonassociative system of two elements (a, b) can be constructed by letting a ⋅ a = b⋅a = b. , a⋅(a⋅a) = a⋅b and (a⋅a)⋅a = b⋅a = b.
If a⋅b = a, then a⋅(a⋅a) /= (a⋅a)⋅a
Thus the system is nonassociative.
As is often the case this question leads to others. Are there systems of n elements such that xi ⋅ (xj ⋅ xk) /= (xi ⋅ xj) ⋅ xk for all i, j, k ≤ n? If such systems exist, what are their charcateristics? Such questions as these led to the development of this paper.
A system, S, of n elements such that xi ⋅ (xj ⋅ xk) /= (xi ⋅ xj) ⋅ xk for all i, j, k ≤ n is called an anti-associative system.
The purpose of this paper is to establish the existence of antiassociative systems of n elements and to find characteristics of these systems in as much detail as possible.
Propositions will first be considered that apply to anti-associative systems in general. Then anti-associative systems of two, three, and four elements will be obtained. The general results that each of these special cases lead to will be developed. A special type of anti-associative system will be considered. These special anti-associative systems suggest a broader field. For a set of elements a group of classes of systems is defined. The operation may associative, anti-associative, or neither. Many questions are let unanswered as to the characteristics of anti-associative systems, but this paper opens new avenues to attack a broader problem.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:UTAHS/oai:digitalcommons.usu.edu:etd-7851 |
| Date | 01 May 1963 |
| Creators | Rogers, Dick R. |
| Publisher | DigitalCommons@USU |
| Source Sets | Utah State University |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | All Graduate Theses and Dissertations |
| Rights | Copyright for this work is held by the author. Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by copyright beyond that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners. Works not in the public domain cannot be commercially exploited without permission of the copyright owner. Responsibility for any use rests exclusively with the user. For more information contact digitalcommons@usu.edu. |
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