A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment,
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa,
in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in
Engineering.
Johannesburg, 2016 / The process of photosynthesis is of great importance as it is the reaction of
carbon dioxide (CO2) and water with the help of light, ’free’ energy from the
sun, to form useful carbohydrates and oxygen. Photosynthesis is therefore
useful both in carbon dioxide mitigation and growing bio-feedstocks towards
making biofuel.
This thesis aims to address two areas for analysing the photosynthesis process:
1. Looking at the physical limits of the growth; and
2. Improving the production rate of some aquatic plants, such as duckweed
and microalgae.
To address the first aim, the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics were
used to analyse the photosynthetic process. It was found that the theoretical
minimum number of moles of photons (NP) required (9–17) is less than the
values reported by other researchers, suggesting that the photosynthesis process
is highly irreversible and inefficient (operating at 35% efficiency or less).
This is because the number of moles of photons will increase with greater process
irreversibility (when the entropy generated is greater than zero). If the
photosynthesis process is indeed that irreversible then the removal of heat (the
heat not used by other cellular processes) by the plant becomes a major problem.
It is suggested that transpiration, and other cellular processes, are the
processes by which that is done, and it is shown that the water needs of the
plant for transpiration would dwarf those needed for photosynthesis. Knowing
the fundamental limits to growth could also be of use because if an organism
was growing at a rate close to this value there would be no advantage to try
to do genetic modification to improve its rate.
Following the ideas presented above a spectrophotometer was used not only
to obtain the absorption spectrum of algae, but it was also used to grow small
samples at specific light wavelengths. The algae species researched was Desmodesmus
spp., which, for example, is used to remediate waste water or as a
source of feedstock for biofuel production. It also tolerates high CO2 concentrations.
This simple experimental method demonstrated that a specific light
wavelength (in particular the Secomam Prim spectrophotometer) 440 nm was
preferred for the algae growth. It was recommended that this specific light
wavelength would be best for growth. It might also be useful to know this fact
particularly when designing photobioreactors, as this could reduce the amount
of heat released into the surroundings and thus make the process more energy
efficient. Interestingly, the wavelength for maximum growth corresponded to
one of the peaks in the absorption spectra but there was no increase in growth
rate corresponding to any of the other peaks.
To address the second aim, the author determined how well predictions on
improving the growth of algae (Desmodesmus spp. for example), based on
a theoretical model, would work when tested experimentally. What the researcher
found was that the method improved algae production, using the
same set of equipment. The production was improved by a factor of 1.28
and 1.26 (at product concentrations 1000 mg/L and 600 mg/L respectively)
when retaining 40% of the algae suspension. The method may be particularly
useful when large amounts of biomass are required as there is no extra
cost of purchasing additional equipment. The same model was applied to a
growth profile of duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza 8483, which is convertible into
biofuel or a source of food), and the author showed that the model could
work if the duckweed was provided with an added carbon source. In order
to find an economical and reliable alternative to bridge the scale gap between
laboratory and industrial production, the author checked if duckweed species
(Spirodela polyrhiza 8483, Spirodela polyrhiza 9509, Lemna gibba 8428, Lemna
minor DWC 112, Wolffia cylindracea 7340 and Wolffia globosa 9527) could be
cultivated in media less expensive than the basal laboratory medium (Schenk
and Hildebrandt). The author found that duckweed can be cultivated more
efficiently, and in a more cost-effective manner, in the alternative media types,
while maintaining growth rates, RGR 0.09 day-1, and starch contents, 5–
17%(w/w), comparable with that obtained with the conventional laboratory
media.
Thus, by looking at the photosynthesis process thermodynamically and experimentally,
it is shown to be possible to improve the process by using concepts
presented in this thesis. / MT2017
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:wits/oai:wiredspace.wits.ac.za:10539/22450 |
| Date | January 2016 |
| Creators | Low, Michelle |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | Online resource (xxiv, 246 leaves), application/pdf, application/pdf |
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