Thesis (MScEng) -- Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study, commercially pure titanium foam was produced using space holder powder metallurgy techniques. Titanium foam is attractive as a scaffolding material for bone replacement and implants in the body. The porous morphology of the foam promotes osteogenesis, while the mechanical behaviour of the foam is closer to that of bone, which has an elastic moduli range of 5 - 40 GPa.
Titanium foam was manufactured from powder mixtures of commercially pure titanium (CPTi) powder mixed with 41.4 wt% ammonium bicarbonate (ABC) powder and 1.45 wt% polyethyl glycol (PEG) powder. In this study, two CPTi powders with different particle size distributions, < 75 μm (-200 mesh, designated TiAA) and < 200 μm (-100 mesh, designated TiG), were mixed with the space holder ABC powder, that had been sieved into specified particle size ranges. The size ranges of space holder material studied were: 0 - 710, 250 - 425, 425 - 560, and 560 - 710 μm. This allowed foams with different large or macropore distributions to be produced from the different mixtures.
The mixtures were uniaxially compacted at 100 MPa into transverse rupture bars. The ABC and PEG was then removed by thermal debinding in air for 5 hours at 100 °C and 1 hour at 330 °C each, consecutively. The debound samples are then sintered under high (10-6 mbar) vacuum on yttria-stabilised zirconia substrates, heating at 5 °C/min to 1200 °C, with a 2 hour hold at temperature.
The microstructures of the different foams were evaluated by examining the polished samples using light optical microscopy. Three point bend tests were conducted on the sintered bars in order to determine the flexural strength and flexural modulus of the different foams. The produced foams had a relative density range between 37.5 - 62.5 % and average macro pore size range between 300 - 500 μm. The foams were found to have an elastic modulus similar to that of bone, 2 - 7 GPa.
Finally, the mechanical properties of the foams were compared to known open foam mechanical models and other research projects. It was found that: (i) changes in either metal or space holder powder influences the sintering behaviour of metal foams, (ii) sintered titanium foams with similar densities but different macro/micropore size distributions have different mechanical responses to stress and (iii) the Ashby-Gibson model, based on foam density alone, gives a rough estimate of mechanical properties for the titanium foams studied, but does not capture variations due to pore size distribution. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is kommersiële suiwer titaanskuim geproduseer met behulp van ruimtehouer poeier metallurgie tegnieke. Titaanskuim is aantreklik as 'n raamwerkmateriaal vir beenvervanging en -inplantings in die liggaam. Die poreuse morfologie van die skuim bevorder osteogenese, terwyl die meganiese gedrag van die skuim naby aan dié van been is, met ‘n elasticiteitsmodulus tussen 5 - 40 GPa.
Titaanskuim is vervaardig van ‘n poeier mengsel van kommersiële suiwer titaan (CPTi) poeier gemeng met 41,4 gew% ammonium bikarbonaat (ABC) poeier en 1.45 gew% poli-etileenglikol (PEG) poeier. In hierdie studie is twee tipes CPTi poeiers met verskillende deeltjiegrootteverspreiding, < 75 μm (-200 stofdigtheid, TiAA genoem) en <200 μm (-100 stofdigtheid, TiG genoem), met die ruimtehouer ABC-poeier, wat in bepaalde deeltjiegroottereekse gesif is, gemeng. Die wisselende groottes van ruimtehouer wat bestudeer is, was: 0 - 710, 250 - 425, 425 - 560, 560 - 710 μm. Dit het die vervaardiging van skuim met verskillende groot of macroporeuse vanaf die verskillende mengsels toegelaat.
Die mengsel is teen 100 MPa in een rigting gekompakteer. Die ABC en PEG is dan verwyder word deur termiese ontbinding in lug vir 5 uur by 100 °C en 1 uur by 330 °C elk, onderskeidelik. Die ontbinde monsters is dan onder hoë (10-6 mbar) leemte op yttrium-gestabiliseer zirconia-substraat, met verwarming teen 5 °C/min tot 1200 °C met 'n verdere 2 uur by 1200 °C, gesinterd.
Die mikrostrukture van die verskillende skuim is geëvalueer deur gepoleerde monsters met behulp van ‘n ligmikroskopie te ondersoek . Driepunt draaitoetse is op die gesinterd stawe uitgevoer om die buigsterkte en buigmodulus van die verskillende skuime te bepaal. Die vervaardigde skuime se relatiewe digtheid het tussen 37,5 - 62,5 % gewissel en die gemiddelde makroporiegrootte tussen 300 - 500 μm gewissel. Die skuim het 'n elastisiteitsmodulus soortgelyk aan dié van been getoon, 2 – 7 GPa.
Ten slotte is die meganiese eienskappe van die skuim met bekende oop skuim meganiese modelle en ander navorsingsprojekte vergelyk. Daar is bevind dat: (i) veranderinge in óf metaal of ruimtehouer poeier beïnvloed die sinteringgedrag van metaalskuime, (ii) gesinterd titaniumskuim met soortgelyke digthede, maar verskillende makro / mikroporeuse verdelings, toon verskillende meganiese reaksies op stres en die Ashby-Gibson model, gebaseer op die skuimdigtheid alleen, (iii) wat 'n rowwe skatting van die meganiese eienskappe vir die bestudeerde titaniumskuime gee, maar nie die variasies ingrootteverspreiding van porieë ondervang nie.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:sun/oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/96097 |
| Date | 12 1900 |
| Creators | Van Zyl, Willem Heber |
| Contributors | Blaine, Deborah Clare, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Engineering. Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering. |
| Publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | en_ZA |
| Detected Language | Unknown |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | x, 73 p. : ill. |
| Rights | Stellenbosch University |
Page generated in 0.0078 seconds