Westland petrels Procellaria westlandica breed only near Punakaiki on the West Coast
of New Zealand. About 80 km offshore from their breeding colony, New Zealand's largest commercial fishery (for hoki Macruronus novaezelandiae) operates from mid June to early September, coinciding with the Westland petrel's breeding season.
It has been assumed that Westland petrels feed extensively on fisheries waste and that
this habit has been at least partly responsible for the increase in the Westland petrel
population. Some seabird biologists have expressed concern that if a species comes to
depend on scavenging at fishing vessels, such a species could experience a food crisis if
fishing operations changed in a way that reduced the quantity of waste discharged. The aim of this research was to assess how dependent Westland petrels have become on fisheries waste for food.
Diet studies showed that during the hoki fishing season, waste accounts for more than half by weight of the solid food Westland petrels bring back to the colony to feed their chicks. After the hoki season, waste contributes only about a quarter of their diet as birds switch to more natural prey and scavenge a wider variety of fish species presumably from smaller, inshore fishing vessels.
Much of the fisheries waste eaten by Westland petrels was flesh which could not be identified using traditional techniques. The electrophoretic technique iso-electric focusing increased the number of fish samples that could be identified and consequently the diet was interpreted differently than it would have been had only traditional diet analysis been used.
The survey of Westland petrel distribution off the west coast of the South Island, found
that although hoki fishing vessels influence the distribution of Westland petrels, only a small proportion of the Westland petrel population appears to utilise this food resource at any one time.
Westland petrels were tracked at sea by VHF radio telemetry and then by satellite tracking. Satellite tracking showed that there is considerable variation in the amount of
time Westland petrels spend in the vicinity of fishing vessels. On average, satellite tracked birds spent one third of their time near vessels, but they foraged over much larger areas than that occupied by the West Coast South Island hoki fishing fleet.
Although fisheries waste is an important component of the Westland petrel diet, it appears that the situation is one of opportunistic use of a readily available resource, rather than one of dependence. Several features of the Westland petrel's breeding biology and foraging ecology suggest that Westland petrels could compensate for a reduction in waste from the hoki fishery by switching to other sources of waste and
increasing their consumption of natural prey.
Nevertheless, much remains unanswered concerning the role of fisheries waste in the Westland petrel's diet. In particular, quantifying the waste available to seabirds, and the
success of Westland petrels in acquiring that waste compared to other scavenging species, is needed in order to better predict the effect of a reduction in fisheries waste on Westland petrel population size.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:ADTP/183515 |
| Date | January 1997 |
| Creators | Freeman, A. N. D. |
| Publisher | Lincoln University. Bio-Protection and Ecology Division |
| Source Sets | Australiasian Digital Theses Program |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | PhD doctorate |
| Rights | http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/rights.html, Copyright A. N. D. Freeman |
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