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Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / Beb?s e crian?as pequenas costumam ser considerados graciosos e despertar muito afeto. A tend?ncia de perceb?-los de modo positivo e a disposi??o em cuidar s?o atribu?das a tra?os f?sicos e comportamentais t?picos de um infante. Em humanos, caracter?sticas faciais como olhos grandes em rela??o ao rosto e cabe?a arredondada s?o importantes est?mulos. Alguns te?ricos defendem que a tend?ncia humana ? coopera??o tem ra?zes em mecanismos que evolu?ram para o cuidado ? prole, entretanto poucos estudos investigam as rela??es entre tra?os infantis, percep??o de fofura e coopera??o. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas quatro publica??es. A primeira investigou a influ?ncia da faixa et?ria e sexo na express?o de comportamentos cooperativos e competitivos e na percep??o de infantilidade por parte de indiv?duos mais velhos ao interagir com crian?as pequenas. Participaram 244 sujeitos (120 do sexo feminino) que interagiram em d?ades durante partidas do jogo da velha. Foram testadas as d?ades: Crian?a 4-5 x Crian?a 8-9 anos; Crian?a 4-5 x Adolescente 14-16 anos; Crian?a 4-5 x Adulto 25-35 anos. Crian?as entre 8-9 anos expressaram mais comportamentos competitivos, especialmente d?ades de sexo opostos, e adultos expressaram mais ajuda. Adolescentes e adultos tenderam a avaliar a crian?a pequena como mais fofinha, bonita e ing?nua. Quanto maior a avalia??o de fofura, menos competi??o por parte de crian?as de 8-9 anos e adultos. A segunda publica??o tratou da constru??o e valida??o do Child Neutral Expression Picture Set - CNEPS, um banco de faces composto por imagens de 131 crian?as entre 4-5 anos, com express?o facial neutra. Ap?s a captura, edi??o e normaliza??o, as imagens foram avaliadas por especialistas, sendo em geral consideradas com express?o neutra. A terceira publica??o teve como objetivo medir e relacionar diversos tra?os faciais infantis das imagens de crian?as entre 4-5 anos com a percep??es de fofura, os comportamentos competitivos e cooperativos no jogo dirigidos a estas crian?as por parte de sujeitos de diferentes idades. Os sujeitos e o m?todo foram os mesmos descritos na primeira publica??o, acrescidos da medi??o dos tra?os. O estudo ? inovador por mostrar que a percep??o e frequ?ncia de competi??o e ajuda variam de acordo com a intensidade de certos tra?os em todas as faixas et?rias. Nas crian?as de 8-9 anos, os tra?os relacionaram-se ? percep??o de fofura, nos adolescentes tanto ?s percep??es e como ? inibi??o de competi??o. Nos adultos os tra?os correlacionaram com mais ajuda. A quarta publica??o ? uma nota t?cnica que descreve v?rios bancos de imagens faciais de crian?as e adultos dispon?veis para pesquisas cient?ficas. Em s?ntese, a presente tese mostrou que ao longo do desenvolvimento, os indiv?duos tendem a agir mais cooperativamente com crian?as pequenas e de avali?-las de modo mais positivo e que os tra?os infantis espec?ficos influenciam a diminui??o da competitividade e aumento da coopera??o. Entende-se que diversas adapta??es cognitivas e comportamentais foram favorecidas durante a evolu??o humana para promover cuidado e prote??o de indiv?duos imaturos, especialmente considerando o alto n?vel de depend?ncia e o longo per?odo de cuidado exigido pelos nossos infantes. / Babies and young children are often considered graceful and evoke much affection. The
tendency to perceive them in a positive manner and the propensity to care for them are
assigned to physical and behavioral traits typical of an infant. In humans, facial features
such as large eyes relative to the face and rounded head are important stimuli. Some
theorists argue that the human cooperation tendency is rooted in mechanisms that have
evolved to care for offspring, however few studies investigated the relationship between
children's traits, perceptions of cuteness and cooperation. In this work it was developed four
publications. The first investigated the influence of age range and sex in the expression of
cooperative and competitive behaviors and perception of childishness on the part of older
individuals by interacting with young children. Took part of the study 244 subjects (120
females) who interacted in dyads during tic-tac-toe matches. Dyads tested were: Child 4-5 x
Child 8-9 years old; Child 4-5 x Adolescent 14-16 years old; Child 4-5 x Adult 25-35 years
old. Children aged 8-9 years expressed more competitive behavior, especially dyads of
opposite sex, and adults expressed more help. Adolescents and adults tended to evaluate the
young child as cuter, more beautiful and more na?ve. The higher the cuteness evaluation, the
lower competition by children aged 8-9 years and adults. The second publication describes
the construction and validation of the Child Neutral Expression Picture Set - CNEPS, a
database face made up of images of 131 children between 4-5 years old with neutral facial
expression. After capturing, editing and standardizing, the images were evaluated by
experts, generally being considered with neutral expression. The third publication aimed to
measure and correlate the facial infant traits of children's image with positive perceptions,
competitive and cooperative behaviors in the game toward these children by subjects of
different ages. The subjects and method were the same used in the first publication, adding
the traits' measurement. The study is innovative by showing that the perception and
frequency of competition and helping vary according to the intensity of certain baby schema
traits in all age groups. Among children 8-9 years old the traits correlated to the perception
of cuteness, among the adolescents they were related to both the positive perception and
competition inhibition. In adults, the traits correlated with more help. The fourth publication
is a technical note describing datasets of facial images of children and adults available for
scientific research. In summary, this thesis showed that across the lifespan, individuals tend
to act more cooperatively with small children, evaluate them more positively and that
specific infant traits influence the decreased competitiveness and increased cooperation. It is
understood that several cognitive and behavioral adaptations were favored during human
evolution to promote care and protection of immature individuals, especially considering the
high level of dependency and long-term care required by our infants.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:IBICT/oai:repositorio.ufrn.br:123456789/21431 |
| Date | 18 December 2015 |
| Creators | Leit?o, Monique Bezerra Paz |
| Contributors | 99079682853, http://lattes.cnpq.br/1410667846560350, Alencar, Anuska Irene de, 70225150425, http://lattes.cnpq.br/3862711030465297, Pires, Izabel Augusta Hazin, 71223010449, http://lattes.cnpq.br/5496201609189471, Arteche, Adriane Xavier, 95035214087, http://lattes.cnpq.br/5886309154692749, Sampaio, Leonardo Rodrigues, 03487961458, http://lattes.cnpq.br/8095869365131149, Yamamoto, Maria Emilia |
| Publisher | PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM PSICOBIOLOGIA, UFRN, Brasil |
| Source Sets | IBICT Brazilian ETDs |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
| Source | reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFRN, instname:Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, instacron:UFRN |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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