Measurement of monoterpenes including / alpha-pinene, camphene, beta-pinene, d-limonene, gamma-terpinene, linalool, 1-isopulegol, 1-borneol, dl-menthol, alpha-terpineol, dihydrocarveol, citronellol, pulegone, geraniol / and gas phase inorganic pollutants (O3 and NOx) were investigated on Uludag Mountain, which is the highest point in North-west Turkey. The sampling site (1645 m altitude) is surrounded by mainly Uludag fir, which is characteristic to Uludag, while altitudes lower than 1000 m were composed of mixed deciduous trees.
Sampling apparatus and sampling strategy for collection of the studied terpenes on Uludag Mountain were developed. Breakthrough Volume experiments were performed for accurate sampling. Samples were collected in a field campaign performed during October 2002 by means of active sampling onto glass coated stainless steel tubes containing Tenax& / #61666 / TA (55 mg) and Carbopack& / #61652 / B (65 mg). The mass flow rate and duration of sampling were 30 mL/min and 4 hours.
Short-Path-Thermal-Desorption/Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (SPTD/GC-MS) was used for the analysis of monoterpenes during 12-14 October 2002. The cryogenic preconcentration (-40oC) was maintained by liquid CO2. HP-1-MS capillary column provided good resolution of peaks, except for pulegone and citronellol at standard operation procedure. Internal standard calibration was applied by adding carefully measured spikes of fenchone to the samples and standards. The detection limits for each terpene were found to be at sub-ppbv level. Daily intermediate standard measurements and auto-tune provided checking the instrumental capabilities. Selected Ion Monitoring mode was used for analysis of the terpenes. For quantitation of the spectra at least one qualifier ion was expected to be within 80% correlation with target ion. Alpha-pinene, camphene, beta-pinene, and d-limonene were determined. The average concentrations of monoterpenes were found to be 0.385, 0.168, 0.111, and 0.204 ppbv respectively.
Simultaneous measurements of O3, NOx, SO2, and meteorological parameters were also performed. The data resolution was 15 min for each pollutant. Ozone displayed strong diurnal variation (around 5-30 ppb), while NOx concentrations were almost constant around 15 ppb. During the sampling campaign terpenes showed similar behaviours with O3, but not with NOx. Terpenes had a direct relation with temperature and relative humidity.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:METU/oai:etd.lib.metu.edu.tr:http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/1045368/index.pdf |
| Date | 01 September 2003 |
| Creators | Aktas, Yusuf |
| Contributors | Tuncel, Semra Guven |
| Publisher | METU |
| Source Sets | Middle East Technical Univ. |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | M.S. Thesis |
| Format | text/pdf |
| Rights | To liberate the content for public access |
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