Abstract
A vast majority of the studies devoted to Lithium manganese oxide deals with their electrochemical characteristics in lithium batteries. The main project of this study is to realize the structure evolution upon electrochemical cycling. The phase transformations under the charge and discharge testing are an interesting project.
Nitrate or oxide precursor calcined at 800¢XC can produce single phase stoichiometric LiMn2O4. The hypo-stoichiometric compositions (xLi2O¡Ñ4MnO, x < 1) synthesized by Li-poor situation contain LiMn2O4 and Mn2O3. The hyper- stoichiometric compositions (xLi2O¡Ñ4MnO, x > 1) synthesized by Li-rich situation contain non-stoichiometric spinel LixMn2O4 (such as Li4Mn5O12 or Li2Mn4O9) and Li2MnO3. The lattice parameter of LiMn2O4 increases slightly with increase of the lithium content at x < 1 (0.823 ~ 0.824 nm), but decreases sharply for x = 1.0 ~ 1.8 (0.824 to 0.817 nm).
Differential thermal analysis showed at temperature higher than 935ºC, rocksalt phase (with tetragonal symmetry), Mn3O4 will be produced. Above 1045ºC, the crystallite phases contain cubic LiMn2O3 spinel, tetragonal Mn3O4 and orthorhombic symmetry LiMnO2. After high temperature annealing (> 935ºC), the residual phase is lithium-deficient structure, Mn3O4.
Apparent facets with {111}, {011}, and {001} (and {113}) planes are usually observed. The LiMn2O4 crystallite appears to be a truncated cubo-octahedron. The lowest surface energy gsv for LiMn2O4 spinel is located at the {111} planes.
Lamellae domain and twinned structure are usually observed in LiMn2O4 particles. The occurrence of domain boundary and twin plane are {111} mostly. Forbidden reflections {200}, {420} in the initial powder and 1/2{311} and 1/3{422} superlattice reflections occurred after charging and discharging test reveal LiMn2O4 structure is a violation of space group. [311]/[111] peak ratio in the XRD traces is increase after electrochemical cycling. Fraction of inverse phase increased upon electrochemical cycling.
The results for structure evolution under charging and discharging test can be divided into two parts for reversible and irreversible. First, unit cell of cubic spinel contracted upon charging and returned to original after discharging. The lattice constant varies back and forth between 0.824 nm to 0.814 nm for cycle between 3.3 and 4.3 V. LiMn2O4 transits to Li4Mn5O12 and l-MnO2 after fully charging to 4.3 V, which then recovers to cubic spinel LixMnyO4 after discharging to 3.3 V. The structure variations in the cycle of changing and discharging are LiMn2O4 ¡V (Li4Mn5O12 + l-MnO2) ¡V LixMnyO4. And metastable circular or rectangle LiMn2O4 particles observed in the surface can be extracted and inserted Li+ ion upon charging and discharging test. This process is reversible.
Second, (1) tetragonal, rhombohedral and triclinic distorted within cubic spinel particles; (2) nanoscale regions of highly disordered lattices observed; (3) amorphous film observed in the powder particle surface; (4) crystalline phase Mn2O3 increased; (5) structure collapse inside the particle and the domain boundary; (6) inverse spinel structure. The structure of LixMn2O4 had distorted upon electrochemical cycling. These results are irreversible.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:NSYSU/oai:NSYSU:etd-1004103-095827 |
| Date | 04 October 2003 |
| Creators | Huang, Ming-Ren |
| Contributors | Bing-Hwait Hwang, Chi-Shiung Hsi, Hong-Yang Lu, Jeh-Jeng Wang, Tzu-Chien Hsu, Jenn-Shing Chen |
| Publisher | NSYSU |
| Source Sets | NSYSU Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Archive |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-1004103-095827 |
| Rights | withheld, Copyright information available at source archive |
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