<p> Endometriosis, defined by ectopic growths of uterine tissue, is considered an enigma because it is unknown how or even if these abnormal growths contribute to the painful conditions including dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and chronic pelvic pain that often accompany the disease. Many clinicians and biomedical scientists assume that the amount of ectopic growth (cysts) predicts the presence or severity of pain symptoms, even though considerable evidence suggests that this assumption is unwarranted. Studies from our laboratory using a rat model of surgically-induced endometriosis (ENDO) demonstrated for the first time that the cysts develop a sensory and sympathetic nerve supply. This discovery gave rise to the hypothesis that this <i><b>newly-sprouted innervation of the cysts is a significant contributor to the <u>development</u> (i.e., generation) and <u>maintenance</u> of painful symptoms. One of these common symptoms, studied here, is vaginal hyperalgesia</b></i> (often called dyspareunia in women). The purpose of this dissertation was to use a combination of immunohistochemical, physiological, and behavioral methods to test various aspects of this hypothesis.</p><p> In the first study, the developmental time course of cyst innervation (sensory and sympathetic) and ENDO-induced vaginal hyperalgesia was examined over a 10 week period post-ENDO. It was found that rudimentary innervation <b> appears</b> within the cysts at 2 weeks post-ENDO, and becomes <b>active </b> at 3 weeks post-ENDO. Between 4 and 5 weeks post-ENDO, vaginal hyperalgesia becomes significant, but is highly variable as the innervation increases and approaches maturity. By 8 to 10 weeks post-ENDO the cyst innervation and hyperalgesia have both matured completely, plateaued and stabilized. Based on these findings, the developmental timeline was divided into three phases: <i>INITIAL </i> (1-2 weeks post-ENDO), <i>TRANSITIONAL</i> (4-6 weeks post-ENDO), and <i>ESTABLISHED</i> (8-10 weeks post-ENDO). In each phase, characteristics of the cyst innervation and vaginal hyperalgesia were found to be as follows: <i>INITIAL,</i> no innervation and no vaginal hyperalgesia; <i>TRANSITIONAL,</i> <b>immature</b> but <b> active</b> innervation and significant but highly variable hyperalgesia; <i> ESTABLISHED,</i> <b>mature</b> innervation and stabilized hyperalgesia both of which varied with the estrous cycle.</p><p> Then, in each of the three phases, the contribution of the cysts (and their innervation) to ENDO-induced vaginal hyperalgesia was tested, by removing the cysts and assessing the effect on the <u>development</u> and <u>maintenance</u> of the vaginal hyperalgesia. In the <i> TRANSITIONAL</i> phase, the relationship between the severity of ENDO-induced vaginal hyperalgesia and the innervation of the cysts, eutopic uterus, and vaginal canal was also assessed.</p><p> The effect of cyst removal on ENDO-induced vaginal hyperalgesia in the <i> INITIAL</i> phase <b>prevented</b> the <u>development</u> of vaginal hyperalgesia. In the <i>TRANSITIONAL</i> phase, cyst removal did not significantly <b>alleviate</b> the vaginal hyperalgesia <u> developed</u> prior to cyst-removal, but, <b>prevented</b> its future <u>development</u>. In the <i>ESTABLISHED</i> phase, cyst removal completely <b>alleviated</b> the vaginal hyperalgesia. Further, in the <i>TRANSITIONAL</i> phase, innervation of the cysts (sensory and sympathetic) and innervation of the vaginal canal (sympathetic only) significantly correlated with severity of ENDO-induced vaginal hyperalgesia. </p><p> Overall, results from these studies strongly support the general hypothesis that the innervation of the cysts contributes to ENDO-induced vaginal hyperalgesia. Specifically, the cyst innervation likely contributes to the <u>development </u>, severity, and <u>maintenance</u> of ENDO-vaginal hyperalgesia. Importantly however, the varying effects of cyst removal suggest that mechanisms by which the innervation operates to contribute to the vaginal hyperalgesia change during its progression through the three phases from peripheral sensitization to peripherally-independent then peripherally-dependent, hormonally-modulated central sensitization. Thus changes, which emerge most clearly in the <i> TRANSITIONAL</i> phase, could help explain the poorly-understood, clinically-challenging issue on how pain transitions from an acute to a chronic problem, not only in endometriosis but also in other chronic pain conditions. </p>
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:PROQUEST/oai:pqdtoai.proquest.com:3681750 |
| Date | 20 February 2015 |
| Creators | McAllister, Stacy L. |
| Publisher | The Florida State University |
| Source Sets | ProQuest.com |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | thesis |
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