Ensemble and variational techniques have gained wide popularity as the two main approaches for solving data assimilation and inverse problems. The majority of the methods in these two approaches are derived (at least implicitly) under the assumption that the underlying probability distributions are Gaussian. It is well accepted, however, that the Gaussianity assumption is too restrictive when applied to large nonlinear models, nonlinear observation operators, and large levels of uncertainty. This work develops a family of fully non-Gaussian data assimilation algorithms that work by directly sampling the posterior distribution. The sampling strategy is based on a Hybrid/Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) approach that can handle non-normal probability distributions.
The first algorithm proposed in this work is the "HMC sampling filter", an ensemble-based data assimilation algorithm for solving the sequential filtering problem. Unlike traditional ensemble-based filters, such as the ensemble Kalman filter and the maximum likelihood ensemble filter, the proposed sampling filter naturally accommodates non-Gaussian errors and nonlinear model dynamics, as well as nonlinear observations. To test the capabilities of the HMC sampling filter numerical experiments are carried out using the Lorenz-96 model and observation operators with different levels of nonlinearity and differentiability. The filter is also tested with shallow water model on the sphere with linear observation operator. Numerical results show that the sampling filter performs well even in highly nonlinear situations where the traditional filters diverge.
Next, the HMC sampling approach is extended to the four-dimensional case, where several observations are assimilated simultaneously, resulting in the second member of the proposed family of algorithms. The new algorithm, named "HMC sampling smoother", is an ensemble-based smoother for four-dimensional data assimilation that works by sampling from the posterior probability density of the solution at the initial time. The sampling smoother naturally accommodates non-Gaussian errors and nonlinear model dynamics and observation operators, and provides a full description of the posterior distribution. Numerical experiments for this algorithm are carried out using a shallow water model on the sphere with observation operators of different levels of nonlinearity. The numerical results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method compared to the traditional variational and ensemble-based smoothing methods.
The HMC sampling smoother, in its original formulation, is computationally expensive due to the innate requirement of running the forward and adjoint models repeatedly. The proposed family of algorithms proceeds by developing computationally efficient versions of the HMC sampling smoother based on reduced-order approximations of the underlying model dynamics. The reduced-order HMC sampling smoothers, developed as extensions to the original HMC smoother, are tested numerically using the shallow-water equations model in Cartesian coordinates. The results reveal that the reduced-order versions of the smoother are capable of accurately capturing the posterior probability density, while being significantly faster than the original full order formulation.
In the presence of nonlinear model dynamics, nonlinear observation operator, or non-Gaussian errors, the prior distribution in the sequential data assimilation framework is not analytically tractable. In the original formulation of the HMC sampling filter, the prior distribution is approximated by a Gaussian distribution whose parameters are inferred from the ensemble of forecasts. The Gaussian prior assumption in the original HMC filter is relaxed. Specifically, a clustering step is introduced after the forecast phase of the filter, and the prior density function is estimated by fitting a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to the prior ensemble. The base filter developed following this strategy is named cluster HMC sampling filter (ClHMC ). A multi-chain version of the ClHMC filter, namely MC-ClHMC , is also proposed to guarantee that samples are taken from the vicinities of all probability modes of the formulated posterior. These methodologies are tested using a quasi-geostrophic (QG) model with double-gyre wind forcing and bi-harmonic friction. Numerical results demonstrate the usefulness of using GMMs to relax the Gaussian prior assumption in the HMC filtering paradigm.
To provide a unified platform for data assimilation research, a flexible and a highly-extensible testing suite, named DATeS , is developed and described in this work. The core of DATeS is implemented in Python to enable for Object-Oriented capabilities. The main components, such as the models, the data assimilation algorithms, the linear algebra solvers, and the time discretization routines are independent of each other, such as to offer maximum flexibility to configure data assimilation studies. / Ph. D.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:VTETD/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/73683 |
| Date | 19 September 2016 |
| Creators | Attia, Ahmed Mohamed Mohamed |
| Contributors | Computer Science, Sandu, Adrian, Chung, Matthias, Ribbens, Calvin J., Cao, Yang, Anderson, Jeffrey L. |
| Publisher | Virginia Tech |
| Source Sets | Virginia Tech Theses and Dissertation |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Dissertation |
| Format | ETD, application/pdf |
| Rights | In Copyright, http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ |
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