Flavonoids are naturally occurring compounds that are consumed regularly in the diet. The property of flavonoids, which they are most commonly known for, is their antioxidant activity. Other potential pharmaceutical applications of flavonoids can be related to their enzyme inhibition, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties. Lipases have been used effectively in the production of flavonoid ester derivatives that have shown both increased antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Enzymatic esterifications of flavonoids are performed in organic solvents that increase substrate solubility of complex organic molecules. For the esterification of compounds in non-aqueous reaction conditions, vinyl esters are often preferred as substrates compared to carboxylic acids (which can be involved in reversible reactions, due to the formation of the by-product, water). In this study a group of vinyl esters of tert-butoxycarbonylated amino acid derivatives were synthesized to study alongside a range of commercially available vinyl esters. The synthesis of ester derivatives of naringin using a range of hydrolytic enzymes has been studied. A range of small to medium sized commercially available vinyl esters (C2- C10), as well as amino acid vinyl esters were selected for the biotransformations. For the esterification of naringin, small-scale reactions were carried out for 72 hrs and the reaction mixtures were analysed by HPLC. Lipases from the species Pseudomonas stutzeri, Candida antarctica and Alcaligenes spp. performed more than 80% conversion of naringin with some of the selected acylating agents. Reactions carried out with P. stutzeri lipase were scaled up to isolate the product of the biotransformation. None of the screened enzymes were successful in the acylation of naringin with the amino acid vinyl esters. Assays were carried out to compare the antioxidant activity of naringin and the synthesized derivatives. Two of the acyl derivatives showed a greater antioxidant activity in the reduction of Cu2+, compared to naringin. Aminoglycosides are antibiotics that have anti-bacterial properties. As well as their anti-bacterial properties some have been employed for their ability to suppress stop codons, which is a useful property in reducing symptoms of some hereditary disorders. In the present work attempts were made to derivatise an aminoglycoside by acylating it with the amino acid vinyl esters, using hydrolytic enzymes. Despite screening with various proteases in different solvents, the acylation of amikacin was not succesful during this investigation.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:bl.uk/oai:ethos.bl.uk:503420 |
| Date | January 2009 |
| Creators | Bull, Joseph |
| Contributors | Littlechild, Jennifer |
| Publisher | University of Exeter |
| Source Sets | Ethos UK |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Electronic Thesis or Dissertation |
| Source | http://hdl.handle.net/10036/76873 |
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