Facial recognition methodologies, widely used today in everything from automatic passport controls at airports to unlocking devices on mobile phones, has developed greatly in recent years. The methodologies vary from feature based landmark comparisons in 2D and 3D, utilising Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to surface-based Iterative Closest Point Algorithm (ICP) analysis and a wide variety of techniques in between. The aim of all facial recognition software (FCS) is to find or match a target face with a reference face of a known individual from an existing database. FCS, however, faces many challenges including temporal variations due to development/ageing and variations in facial expression. To determine any quantifiable heritability of facial morphology using this resource, one has to look for faces with enough demonstrable similarities to predict a possible genetic link, instead of the ordinary matching of the same individual’s face in different instances. With the exception of identical twins, this means the introduction of many more variables into the equation of how to relate faces to each other. Variation due to both developmental and degenerative aging becomes a much greater issue than in previous matching situations, especially when comparing parents with children. Additionally, sexual dimorphism is encountered with cross gender relationships, for example, between mothers and sons. Non-inherited variables are also encountered such as BMI, facial disfigurement and the effects of dental work and tooth loss. For this study a Trimmed Iterative Closest Point Algorithm (TrICP) was applied to three-dimensional surfaces scans, created using a white light scanner and Flexscan 3D, of the faces of 41 families consisting of 139 individuals. The TrICP algorithm produced 7176 Mesh-to-mesh Values (MMV) for each of seven sections of the face (Whole face, Eyes, Nose, Mouth, Eyes-Nose, Eyes-Nose-Mouth, and Eyes-Nose- Mouth-Chin). Receiver Operated Characteristic (ROC) analysis was then conducted for each of the seven sections of the face within 11 predetermined categories of relationship, in order to assess the utility of the method for predicting familial relationships (sensitivity/specificity). Additionally, the MMVs of three single features, (eyes, nose and mouth) were combined to form four combination areas which were analysed within the same 11 relationship categories. Overall the relationship between sisters showed the most similarity across all areas of the face with the clear exception of the mouth. Where female to female comparison was conducted the mouth consistently negatively affected the results. The father-daughter relationship showed the least similarity overall and was only significant for three of the 11 portions of the face. In general, the combination of three single features achieved greater accuracy as shown by Areas Under the Curve (AUC) than all other portions of the face and single features were less predictive than the face as a whole.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:bl.uk/oai:ethos.bl.uk:726534 |
| Date | January 2016 |
| Creators | Langstaff, Helen Katherine |
| Contributors | Kranioti, Elena ; Pickard, Catriona |
| Publisher | University of Edinburgh |
| Source Sets | Ethos UK |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Electronic Thesis or Dissertation |
| Source | http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25447 |
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