Many contaminants, such as industrial chemicals, fertilizers, herbicides, pharmaceuticals and heavy metals are released to e environment. 3,4-dichloroaniline（3,4-DCA） originated from degradation of some herbicides such as diuron, propanil and linuron, is toxic to aquatic organisms and affects human being immune system. Triclosan, widely used as antimicrobial agent in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), has been detected as contaminat in various aquatic environments. In this work, green algae were isolated from local environment, then applied for the removal and biodegradation of 3,4-DCA and triclosan. Two axenic pure algae were isolated using the solid agar method. One of the algae was identified morphologically as Desmodesmus sp. based on the experimental results. The other one was identified morphologically as Chlorella pyrenoidosa by accredited authority. At the same time, alga S. obliqnus was obtained commercially. All the three green algae were cultured in tris-acetate-phosphate (TAP) medium. Firstly, the alga C. pyrenoidosa was applied to remove and biodegrade 3,4-DCA with a concentration of 4.6 μg/mL for 7 d. A removal percentage of 78.4% was obtained over a 7-d period. Two major metabolites with less toxicity were identified as 3,4-dichloroformanilide and 3,4-dichloroacetanilide using HPLC-ESI-ion trap-MS. iii Secondly, all the three green microalgae species including C. pyrenoidosa, Desmodesmus sp., and S. obliqnus, were compared in the removal and biodegradation of triclosan in aqueous medium. When triclosan with concentration of 400 ng/mL was cultured with the three algal species separately, triclosan was quickly eliminated from medium in the 1 d cultivation by algae with removal percentages of 62.4%, 92.9% and 99.7% for C. pyrenoidosa, Desmodesmus sp. and S. obliqnus, respectively. The dominant mechanism for the removal of triclosan by C. pyrenoidosa was determined as cellular uptake. Biotransfromation of triclosan involved hydroxylation and methylation, glucose conjugation was determined as the predominant mechanisms for the removal of triclosan by algae Desmodesmus sp. and S. obliqnus. The intermediates from hydroxylation, reductive dechlorination, or ether bond cleavage were immediately subjected to glucosylation and/or methylation via the hydroxyl group of triclosan or introduced, which served as detoxification mechanisms of the chlorinated aromatic chemicals. In order to find the intermediates in the metabolic pathway of triclosan by algae, Desmodesmus sp. was exposed to 400 ng/mL triclosan. 2,4-DCP was detected during the cultivation period 3-12 h using ultra performance liquid performance (UPLC)-ESI-MS/MS. The metabolites from multi metabolic reaction like the glucose conjugate of hydroxylated triclosan were detected in the first 30 min after exposure. The metabolites as products from glucosylation and consecutive hydroxylation and methylation of triclosan or 2,4-DCP were detected after 3 h iv cultivation. To provide more information about the reductive capability of C. pyrenoidosa, the reaction between C. pyrenoidosa and triclosan was investigated. When C. pyrenoidosa was exposed to triclosan with concentration from 100 to 800 ng/mL, more than 50% of triclosan was eliminated by algal uptake from the culture medium during the first 1 h exposure. In the biodegradation experiments, a major metabolite from the reductive dechlorination of triclosan was identified by using liquid chromatography (LC)-ESI-MS. The ability of reductive dechlorination of C. pyrenoidosa might potential application for bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that with similar chemical structure to triclosan, but belonging to the catagory of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Through the TEM observation, it was found that the triclan treatment resulted in the disruption of the chloroplast of algal cells, which indicated that triclosan may affect membrane metabolism.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:hkbu.edu.hk/oai:repository.hkbu.edu.hk:etd_oa-1210 |
| Date | 04 September 2013 |
| Creators | Wang, Shujuan |
| Publisher | HKBU Institutional Repository |
| Source Sets | Hong Kong Baptist University |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | Open Access Theses and Dissertations |
| Rights | The author retains all rights to this work. The author has signed an agreement granting HKBU a non-exclusive license to archive and distribute their thesis. |
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