ABSTRACT
Patients with respiratory failure secondary to acute asthma exacerbation (AAE) frequently
present at emergency units. Some patients may develop respiratory muscle fatigue. Current
guidelines for the treatment of an AAE center on pharmacological treatment and invasive
mechanical ventilation. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) has an
established role in COPD exacerbations. The role it can play in an AAE remains
unanswered although it is frequently used in the clinical setting. Aims: The present study
proposed to investigate if the early use of NPPV in the forms of continuous positive airway
pressure (CPAP) or bilevel positive pressure ventilation (BPPV) together with standard
medical therapy in AAE can decrease time of response to therapy compared to standard
medical therapy alone. We further tested the effect of BPPV against CPAP. Methods:
Asthmatic patients who presented with a severe AAE (PEFR % predicted < 60 %) at the
emergency unit were randomized to either standard medical therapy (ST), ST and CPAP or
ST and BPPV. Thirty patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the study. Groups
presented similar baseline characteristics. The mean age for the group was 42.1 ± 12.6
years. Mean baseline PEFR % predicted was 35.2 ± 10.7 % (ST), 30.5 ± 11.7 % (ST +
CPAP) and 33.5 ±13.8 % (ST + BPPV). Results: Hourly improvement (Δ) in respiratory
rate and sensation of breathlessness was significantly better in the BPPV intervention
group. Improvement (Δ) from baseline to end of treatment in respiratory rate and sensation
of breathlessness was significant for both CPAP and BPPV (p = 0.0463; p = 0.0132
respectively) compared to ST alone. Lung function was significantly improved in the
CPAP intervention group hourly and from baseline to end of treatment (p = 0.0403 for
PEFR and p = 0.0293 for PEFR % predicted) compared to ST + BPPV and ST alone. The
mean shift (Δ) in PEFR from baseline to 3 hours of treatment was 67.4, 123.5 and 86.8
L/min (p = 0.0445) for ST, ST + CPAP and ST + BPPV respectively. This corresponded to
a 38.1, 80.8 and 51.7 % improvement in lung function respectively. Discussion: The effect
of BPPV on the reduction of respiratory rate and sensation of breathlessness could be
related to the inspiratory assistance provided by BPPV. The significant improvement in
lung function in the CPAP group could be related to its intrinsic effect on the airway
smooth muscle and / or on the airway smooth muscle load. Conclusion: The present results
suggest that adding NPPV to standard treatment for an AAE not only improves clinical
signs faster but also improves lung function faster. CPAP seems to have an intrinsic effect
on the airway smooth muscle so rendering it more effective in ameliorating lung function.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:wits/oai:wiredspace.wits.ac.za:10539/5016 |
| Date | 09 July 2008 |
| Creators | Hanekom, Silmara Guanaes |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | 12560106 bytes, application/pdf, application/pdf |
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