While studies have indicated the onset of fertility transition in Nigeria as in most Sub-
Saharan countries, no systematic attempt has been made to identify the factors
responsible for this trend. Existing explanation tends to draw from the demographic
transition theory without exploring the value of other key variables. One of these
variables is the degree of preference implementation. This study explores the role of
fertility preference implementation on the onset of fertility transition in Nigeria. The
study estimated the extent to which couples have been able to implement their fertility
preferences with a view to better understand the factors that are responsible for the
fertility changes in the country.
This study was based on the socio-economic and microeconomic frameworks of
fertility namely: the Bongaarts et al (1984) version and its Stover’s reformulation
(1998) of the proximate determinants of fertility and the Bongaarts (1993) supply-demand
framework for the analysis of the determinants of fertility, respectively. The
proximate determinant of fertility frameworks holds that all demographic, socioeconomic,
cultural, institutional, psychological, health and environmental factors
(background variables) operate through the proximate or intermediate variables to
affect fertility. The Bongaarts (1993) supply-demand framework posits that fertility
(F) as measured by total fertility rate is an outcome of the interaction of supply of
births (natural fertility), demand for births (wanted fertility) and degree of fertility
preference implementation (an index, which measures the extent to which people have
been able to implement their fertility preferences). The degree of preference
implementation is in turn dependent on cost of fertility regulation and that of unwanted childbearing. The husbands’ family planning attitude and desired number of
children were incorporated into the latter framework to recognize and bring out the
crucial roles of the males in eventual fertility outcomes.
The 1990, 1999 and 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data sets
for men, women and couples were used. The methodology of the three NDHS is not
too different from each other. They are nationally representative cross-sectional
survey of women between the ages of 15 and 49 in 1990, 1999 and 2003 and men
between 15 and 64 in 1999 and 15-59 in the 2003 survey. Twenty-four focus group
discussions were also conducted among the sexes across the country to gain better
insight and understanding into the issues examined. Focus group research is based on
facilitating an organized discussion with a group of individuals selected because they
were believed to be representative of some class. The discussion is used to bring out
insights and understandings in ways, which cannot be captured by questionnaire. The
focus group discussions (FGD) are also national in scope. Participants were drawn
from the Northern, South Eastern and South Western regions of the country.
The study population consisted of 8,781; 8,199 and 7,620 women aged 15-49
interviewed during the 1990, 1999 and 2003 NDHS, respectively. In addition, 2,584
men aged 15-64 and 2,346 men aged 15-59 interviewed during the 1999 and 2003
NDHS, respectively were used. One thousand, one hundred and sixty-eight (1,168)
couples’ records derived from the 2003 NDHS and 1,280 (constructed) couples’
records for 1999 were also used. A total of eighty-nine (89) men and eighty-five (85)
women participated in the twenty-four (24) focus group discussion sessions.
To achieve the research objectives, a wide range of analysis was carried out in the
study. In the estimation of all means and medians, the Kaplan Meier survival analysis
is used. Some other estimations were done using specific formulations developed for
the purpose. Thirty-six binary logistic regression models were also fitted to bring out
spousal influences on each other’s attitude to family planning and desired number of
children. Lastly, the focus group discussion sessions were analysed by themes to give
better understanding into the issues examined. Five hypotheses were tested in the
study.
There was a general decline in the age specific fertility rates (ASFR) between 1990
and 2003 in all the age groups. This is reflected in the total fertility rate (TFR) for the
country as a whole, which declined from 6.32 in 1990 to 5.82 in 2003. The national
average masks large variations in the fertility levels between subgroups in the
country. The women in the North generally have higher number of children than their
Southern counterparts. This is particularly marked in the early childbearing years.
Fertility levels are also higher among rural residents compared to those in the urban
area. Substantial differences equally exist in the fertility levels of women by their
level of education with fertility being negatively associated with level of education. A
comparison of the past and current fertility also confirms that fertility has been on the
decline in the country.
Age at first and last births have been declining and the differentials between the two
show that the number of years spent in childbearing is decreasing. Non-marital birth
was also found to be increasing over time but at a level below six percent and with no
identifiable educational or regional pattern. Teenage motherhood is equally declining
both nationally and regionally and is relatively high among teenagers from the rural
area and those with less than secondary level of education.
The proportion of women that progress from one parity to another decreases as parity
increases and no socially imposed optimum number of children is observed (although
there is a political four-child policy in existence) among the Nigerian women. Apart
from age of mother at the birth of child, which has a positive association with median
length of birth interval and the surviving status of preceding child (which is
understandably shorter if the preceding child is dead), length of birth interval by other
characteristics shows no significant variation across sub groups.
Age at first marriage remained between 16 and 17 over the years. This is lower for
respondents from the rural, the North and for those with less than secondary level of
education. For age at first sexual intercourse, it increased over time in the age groups.
Respondents from the North and rural area however initiated sexual intercourse
earlier and age at first sexual intercourse increases with level of education.
Among the proximate determinant indices, the index of postpartum insusceptibility
has the greatest inhibiting effect, followed by that of marriage/sexually active,
contraception and then sterility. In the Bongaarts model, the indices reduced total
fecundity by 12.46 births in the total sample of married women in 1990; 8.90 births in
1999 and 9.45 births in 2003 while the indices jointly reduced potential fertility by
17.69 births in the total sample of sexually active women in 1990; 16.06 births in
1999 and 16.50 births in 2003 in the Stover’s reformulation.
The number of children desired marginally increased over time. This could have been
affected by the high proportion of non-response especially in the 1990 survey. The
desired number of children is positively related to age and number of surviving
children while it is negatively related to education. Number of children desired is
found to be lower among urban residents and respondents from the Southern part of
the country and highest among currently married women. The focus group discussion
sessions also show that people have been revising the number of children they are
having downward due to ‘supposed’ economic hardship in the country and the need to
give quality education, training and care to the children. However, their desire remain
high.
The extent, to which fertility preference is achieved, is generally high and increasing
over the years in the total sample of married women with some variations in the sub
groups. It is higher in the urban compared to the rural; increases with level of
education, lowest in the North East and highest in the South West. Surprisingly, the
extent to which concordant couples achieve their fertility preferences was lower than
that of discordant couples. The fitted logistic models showed no evidence of the
husbands having an upper hand in the number of children desired by the wives or on
their attitude to family planning and vice versa. While the husbands play greater role
in fertility decision-making in households, who has the upper hand between the
husbands and the wives in actual fertility outcome was not conclusive in this study.
Knowledge about family planning methods and their availability is high. The costs of
fertility regulation in terms of its social, economic and in particular health
components as well as obstacles to the use of fertility regulation methods were
highlighted. The psychological, health, social and more frequently the economic costs
of unwanted childbearing were also brought out. The responses to questions on
pregnancy wantedness was also validated in this study as people generally
acknowledged the circumstance of the birth of additional child(ren) as accidental.
Two of the five hypotheses proposed were confirmed. One, the hypothesis that ‘the
degree of fertility preference implementation is higher in the south than in the North,
higher among urban residents compared to the rural residents and increases as the
level of education increases’ is supported by the results of the study. Two, that ‘the
degree of fertility preference implementation is increasing and playing an increasing (a more positive) role in fertility changes in Nigeria’ is also supported. The study
could not confirm that ‘the indices of marriage/sexual activity, postpartum
insusceptibility and contraception (in that order) have the most inhibiting effect on
fertility in Nigeria.’ The other two hypotheses could not be proven conclusively
either. These were that ‘degree of fertility preference implementation is higher among
couples with similar desired number of children than among discordant couples’ and
‘the Husbands have more influence on their wives’ family planning attitude and
desired number of children than the wives have over their husbands’.
These findings have programme and policy implications. For instance, although the
reduction in the number of years spent in child bearing is welcome as a result of
decline in the number of older women in active childbearing, the increasing entrance
of women under the age of eighteen years is worrisome. This could impact negatively
on school enrolment and retention as well as on the health of the women since it is recognised that women under the age of eighteen years is one of the four groups of
women with higher risk of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy and childbirth.
Despite the pertinent findings of this study, a number of study limitations can be
identified. This include not identifying people who have achieved their desired
fertility and those who have not and conducting in-depth interview with them to gain
greater insight into their fertility decision-making, desire and behaviour. This aspect
requires further detailed investigation.
A number of programme, policy and research recommendations are made based on
the findings of this study.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:wits/oai:wiredspace.wits.ac.za:10539/5259 |
| Date | 05 August 2008 |
| Creators | Ibisomi, Latifat Dasola Gbonjubola |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | 3304120 bytes, 375593 bytes, 76981 bytes, 5239 bytes, application/pdf, application/pdf, application/pdf, application/pdf, application/pdf, application/pdf, application/pdf, application/pdf |
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