Several cell culture and animal studies demonstrated that citrus limonoids have
protective effects against certain types of cancer. These chemopreventive properties of
citrus limonoids are attributed to the induction of phase II enzyme, glutathione Stransferase
(GST). In the current study, six citrus limonoids and two modified limonoids
were utilized for the evaluation of NAD(P)H: quinone reductase (QR) activity and
glutathione S-tranferase (GST) activity against 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and
4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) in A/J female mice.
In liver, limonoids that induced phase II enzyme activity were limonin-7-
methoxime (32% CBNB), (270% 4NQO), (65% QR); and deacetylnomilin (180% QR).
In stomach, limonin-7-methoxime (51% 4NQO); deacetyl nomilinic acid glucoside
(55% 4NQO), nomilin (58% CDNB), (75% 4NQO); isoobacunoic acid (25% CDNB);
deacetylnomilin (19% CDNB); limonoid mixture (45% 4NQO), (200% QR).
Furthermore, in intestine, nomilin (280% 4NQO); deacetylnomilin (73% 4NQO), (22%
QR); and the limonoid mixture (93% 4NQO) increase enzymatic activity. Finally in lung, deacetyl nomilinic acid glucoside (67% CDNB); limonin-7-methoxime (32% QR); and
defuran limonin (45% QR) diplayed induction properties.
Furthermore, D-glucaric acid (GA), a chemoprotective compound found in fruits
and vegetables, was quantified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC) grapefruit. Nine widely used grapefruit varieties were analyzed for the levels of
D-glucaric acid. Seasonal levels of GA in each of the grapefruit varieties tested were
found to be Thompson (58.36-126.8 mg/100ml), Henderson (29.6-49.7 mg/100ml), Rio
Red (40.0-58.8mg/100ml), Star Ruby (25.5-46.7 mg/100ml), I-48 (26.6-58.3 mg/100ml),
Ruby Red (49.3-63.0 mg/100ml), Ray’s Ruby (58.2-72.1 mg/100ml), Marsh (53.7-65.8
mg/100ml) and Duncan (50.17 mg/100ml). The HPLC method developed for the
quantification of D-glucaric acid was found to be simple, fast, and reproducible.
Additionally, the labor intensity and cost of sample preparation were greatly reduced.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:tamu.edu/oai:repository.tamu.edu:1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1329 |
| Date | 15 May 2009 |
| Creators | Perez, Jose Luis |
| Contributors | Patil, Bhimanagouda S. |
| Source Sets | Texas A and M University |
| Language | en_US |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Book, Thesis, Electronic Thesis, text |
| Format | electronic, application/pdf, born digital |
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