博士 / 國立中山大學 / 生物科學系研究所 / 104 / Stroke is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Although tremendous achievements in the ability to diagnose stroke has been witnessed in the past several decades, the treatment is still not precisional and not satisfactory. It has been demonstrated that brain ischemic change is accompanied by significance of inflammatory response and necrotic brain injury. Oxidative stress plays one of the important roles in inflammatory pathway. Free radical substances are increased in ischemic stroke and increased oxidative stress is considered as important cause contributes to brain damage. Central nervous system provides systemic, regional and local routes to modulate the immediate inflammatory response. In local routes, the peripheral nervous system release neuropeptides to participate local inflammation. In regional routes, the autonomic nervous system innervates immune organs such as thymus and bone marrow to modulate inflammation. In systemic routes, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis release glucocorticoids to control inflammation at a systemic level. In this study, we observe that there are relationship between autonomic dysfunction and inflammatory titer and there is central autonomic network which may play a role in modulate autonomic function.

博士 / 國立中山大學 / 生物醫學研究所 / 104 / p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is of the essence in the cell’s response to environmental stresses, cytokines and DNA damage. p38 is distributed both in the cytosol and nucleus, and cytosolic p38 translocates into the nucleus in response to various stimuli, yet the exact mechanisms remain largely unclear. One response to cellular stress is the elevated expression of SUMO proteins. SUMOs have many roles in cellular biology including promoting nuclear translocalization. In our study, we have demonstrated that exposure of human cells to Helicobacter pylori (Hp) induces the expression of SUMOs and the activation of p38. A non-covalent interaction between SUMOs and both non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated p38 (p38 and p-p38) was identified, and the interaction was found to be SUMO concentration dependent. We found that upon Hp stimulation cytosolic p38 could be translocated into the nucleus by both SUMO-1 and SUMO-2, although both p38 and p-p38 have a stronger binding affinity for SUMO-2 than for SUMO-1. Mutation of SUMO interacting motif 3 (SIM3) of p38 abolished its binding to SUMOs and decreased SUMO-dependent nuclear transfer of p38. This study demonstrates that SUMOs serve as novel regulators of p38 and p-p38 nuclear translocation through a non-covalent SUMO-p38 interaction, independent of the phosphorylation state of p38.

博士 / 國立中山大學 / 企業管理學系研究所 / 104 / Developing countries in Asia-Pacific region have entered a new and critical phase in the industrial and economy development since its rapid economic growth. Our pilot research on logistic efficiency shows that the relationship between logistics efficiency and corruption exhibits concavity for developing countries in Asia but is convex for advanced economies. This suggests that some important logistics issues exist and needs to be further explored and investigated in Asia-Pacific region. Therefore, this dissertation attempts to explore some important issues from threefold objective. 　　The first objective is to explore logistics research published in main-stream logistics journals and function as a theoretical ground for later analysis in the following two phase. The content analysis and social network analysis are employed to explore collaboration linkages on authors, regions, subjects, and topics on Asia from the perspective of published research articles in the recognized logistics and supply chain journals. The evidence suggests that logistics management research in Asia accounts for barely 10 percent of the 2,513 papers published between 2003-2013. 　　The second objective is to apply the generalized metafrontier Malmquist productivity index (gMMPI) to measure the port productivity of developed countries (DCs) and the developing countries (LDCs) in Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). The results indicate that the average rate of utilized capacity among the ports of APEC members was only 65.7%, which means that another 34.3% of additional throughput can be handled with the same level of resources. 　　The third objective attempts to explore the national logistics competitiveness in APEC. Using data from the transportation industry over the period 2002- 2011, this study investigates logistics competitiveness using revealed comparative advantage (RCA) model. Further, we explore the efficiency of container port operations using metafrontier production function model. First, Singapore, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Japan for developed countries and Chile and Brunei for developing countries were comparative advantage in RCA model. Second, the ports in Hong Kong and Singapore had efficiency level in metafrontier model. Finally, the efficiency of port operations had positive relationship with container throughput.

碩士 / 國立中山大學 / 企業管理學系研究所 / 104 / Green policy is meant to protect the environment. However, it is often misleading that preserving the environment means sacrificing economic development. This study is to examine the economic developments in the three urban wetlands in Kaohsiung that has increase in land value, increased residential housing development in the proximity through land readjustment projects and thus increased residential population. Land value, instead of housing prices are utilized since historical records are more complete, in the proximity of the urban wetlands are examined and analyzed through the hedonic pricing method. This data is compared with housing prices in the proximity to further establish the argument that urban wetlands have positive influence. Further, population as well as disposable income per household increase in the proximity will be examined as indication of economic growth. Surveys conducted in the proximity of three urban wetlands concluded that such public good is indication of positive municipal policy to protect the environment, which should be strongly included in future urban planning. Keywords: municipal green policy, urban wetland, land readjustment (LR), land value, hedonic pricing method.

博士 / 國立中山大學 / 材料與光電科學學系研究所 / 104 / Abstract This thesis deals with the special grain boundaries, polytypes and relevant optical properties of the dynamically fabricated nanocondensates with close-packed crystal structure in the Cr-O and Fe-O-H systems. In the first part (Part A1), the α-Cr2O3 nanocondensates prepared by short pulsed laser ablation (PLA) of metallic Cr plate in oxygen atmosphere were identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to have rhomb (r), wing (w), bar (b) etc. shapes with basal, prismatic, pyramidal etc. faces. Such faces enabled hierarchical (hkil)-specific coalescence to form some special grain boundaries with fair 2-D coincidence site lattice (CSL) corresponding to an energy cusp as reconstructed in nonrelaxed state. In the inter-related second part (Part A2), the planar defects, i.e. the basal twin- and the associated bilayer-faults, due to the (0001)-specific coalescence event of the α-Cr2O3 nanocondensates by PLA of metallic Cr plate in oxygen atmosphere were characterized to have the Burgers vector b = 1/3[-1100]. First-principles calculation indicates basal layer thickness/ c-dimension/assembling-number dependent fault energetics in accordance with the observed interspacing of the twin and faults. As for the Fe-O-H system (Part B), PLA of metallic α-iron plate versus hematite powders of micron size in water were used to fabricate nanocondensates with some novel close-packed and ordered structures. The phase selection and assembly to form domains with varied size and shape in such a case is all about wüstite-based phases in (hkl)-specific ordering and coalescence. The bifunnel-, flower- and floccus-like domains are due to almost (partial) to exactly epitaxial coalescence of the type-I and -II ordered wüstite nanocodensates with (hkl)-specific interlayer water molecules, hydrous ions, commensurate faults, twist boundaries and even polytypes analogous to clay minerals to affect optical properties.

碩士 / 國立中山大學 / 材料與光電科學學系研究所 / 104 / Bulky camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) was used to complex with quinine (Qu) to impose the restricted intramolecular rotation (RIR) required for aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties. After complexation with two equivalents of CSA, the non-emissive quinine (Qu) base can be protonated to result in ionic complex Qu(CSA)2 with AIE properties. AIE-active rhodamine-based luminogen was prepared by complexation reaction between non-emissive rhodamine hydrazide (RdH) and bulky camphorsulfonic acid (CSA). Besides acting to open the spirolactam ring of RdH, CSA also imposes rotational restriction on the resultant ionic complex RdH(CSA)x. The ionic bonds of Qu(CSA)2 and RdH(CSA)3 are sensitive to several external stimuli and therefore, it is a luminescent sensor for metal ions, organic amines, pH value and the blood protein of bovine serum albumin (BSA); through the use of Qu(CSA)2 and RdH(CSA)3, the unfolding process of the BSA chains was evaluated.

碩士 / 國立中山大學 / 材料與光電科學學系研究所 / 104 / Photochromic molecules are widely applied in chemistry, physics, biology, and materials science. Despite lots of photochromic systems have been developed, their applications are still limited regarding they generally involved complicated synthesis procedures, and the low fatigue resistance, or incomplete light conversion. Rhodamine is a class of dyes with excellent optical properties including long-wavelength absorption, large absorption coefficient, and high photostability in its ring-open form. In this work, rhodamine acetohydrazide (RdaH) metal complex was found to undergo intramolecular ring-open reactions upon UV irradiation, leading to fluorescence change in solution. Interestingly, the tin-chelated complex exhibited an extremely long lifetime in the photo-induced excited state. The activation energy of the complexes chelated to different metal ions was therefore accessed. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) were also obtained through the use of cyclovoltammetry (CV). It was proposed that UV light promoted metal ligand charge transfer (MLCT) from the rhodamine moiety to metal ion, which considerably promoted the emission of the rhodamine moiety. In addition, polypeptide containing a rhodamine center was also synthesized in this study. A rhodamine hydrazide (RdH) was served served as initiator to proceed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic monomer to result in poly(γ-propargyl-L-glutamate) (PPLG) chain containing fluorescent Rd center. With the spirolactam ring, the RdH initiator is non-fluorescent but during the course of ROP the cyclic monomer acted as proton-transfer agent to catalyze the opening of the spirolactam ring of RdH, thus generating PPLG polypeptide containing an fluorescent rhodamine center. The rhodamine center of PPLG exhibits the novel aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behavior according to its solution emission response toward concentration and aggregation. Two PPLGs with low and high MWs were prepared and characterized to evaluate the influence of secondary structures of peptide chains on the resolved AIE-related emission behavior. Also, the PPLGs were found to complex with metal ions, rendering complexes with the MLCT property. Upon UV irradiation, the PPLG metal complex undergoes distinct color and fluorescence change. A similar reversible photochromism was also identified in PPLG metal complex.

碩士 / 國立中山大學 / 材料與光電科學學系研究所 / 104 / Crystalline polylactide chains are efficient in imposing restricted intramolecular rotation on neighboring luminogens active in aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property, thereby increasing emission efficiency of the AIE-active luminogens (AIEgens). This crystallization-promoted emission enhancement (CPEE) behavior was demonstrated in the L- and D-polylactides (as TP-PLLA and TP-PDLA) terminated with an AIEgenic tetraphenylthiophene (TP) and in the stereocomplex (SC-PLA) from the stoichiometric mixture of TP-PLLA and TP-PDLA. Homopolylactides of TP-PLLA and TP-PDLA emit mainly with the monomer emission, in contrast, SC-PLA emits with both monomer and excimer emissions. Thermal annealing acted to enhance monomer emission of TP-PLLA and TP-PDLA but for the complex SC-PLA, thermal annealing converted the monomer emission into a large excimer emission. In any case, the intimately-packed crystalline structure of SC-PLA contributes to its high emission efficiency compared to the constituent TP-PLLA and TP-PDLA. Electrospinning technique can process many kinds of continuous polymer fiber and it is very easy for process. Electrospun of rhodamine hydride PLA nanofiber was synthesized three armed polymer by ring opening polymerization of D-lactide and was highly selective for pH and tin ion. Nanofiber performances turn on/off properties in the condition of pH=2 or pH=12.

博士 / 國立中山大學 / 材料與光電科學學系研究所 / 104 / With the evolution of next-generation electronic products, internet of things (IoT) and big data will lead the progress of microelectronic engineering. Because of the demand for the next generation electronic products, high performance, energy-saving, and multi-functional features are necessary based on a comprehensive innovation of electronic devices. During the development of advanced electronic products, innovation and application of memory devices attract the most attention in the world. Among next-generation electronic digital memory devices, resistive random access memory (RRAM) will become the mainstream of the next-generation memory due to the advantages of high performance and energy saving. However, an obstacle that hinders RRAM to be put into mass production is the non-uniform resistance switching mechanism in its resistance switching process including Forming, Set, and Reset process. In clarification of RRAM switching mechanism, the Charge Quantity Model is founded to clarify this phenomenon: the continuity of filament will be affected by the conduction carrier amount and thus a different conduction mechanism can be observed in LRS. This is the first time to clarify the important role of carrier amount in forming process, which influences RRAM conduction mechanism. In addition, the dynamic mechanism of set process has been clarified by the quantity of charge through the switching layer. This is the first time to clarify that there are three process included in set process, and these process play a key role in the conduction path formation mechanism during set process. In Reset process, we have proven that the effect of thermal on the mechanism of reset process and the influence on RRAM switching characteristics. This is the first time to clarify that thermal will make reset process more efficient due to there are more amount of oxygen ions are activated by heat during reset process. In fabrication technology of RRAM, This is the first time to observe not only typical oxygen ion-dominated resistive switching, hydrogen ions were also observed to trigger a resistance transformation phenomenon, producing a complementary resistive switching behavior of RRAM. In addition, this is the first time to observe an ultra-low power consumption RRAM by nitrogen doping and proposed a model to explain the varied barrier height induced by oxygen-ion accumulation.

碩士 / 國立中山大學 / 材料與光電科學學系研究所 / 104 / Nowadays, transparent conductive films (TCFs) are applied in many electronic devices to provide convenient life for us. The most popular transparent conductive film is indium tin oxide (ITO). However, since the abundance of indium in the earth is limited, the demand is greater than the supply; the price of indium has been rising. Therefore, the researches for alternative materials become more and more important; including looking for novel materials, as well as composite structures to reduce the consumption of ITO. This research is to study the performance of multilayer structures that is to incorporate metal layers (e.g. Au, Ag and Cu) and transparent conducting oxides (e.g. ITO). One example is a sandwich structure of metal/TCO/metal, i.e. to use double layers of thin metal films on both sides of transparent conducting oxides. It is expected to decrease the electric resistivity without sacrificing much of transmittance. The thickness of each layer is designed to minimize the reflectivity, hence the transmissivity in the visible range is increased. Our results indicate that to incorporate metals in the multilayer structure, the electrical conductivity can be greatly increased, hence the usage of ITO is largely reduced. In addition, the structure can be also used in other transparent conducting oxides.