This thesis examines the political, diplomatic and religious relations between Spain and Scotland, during the last two decades of Philip II of Spain's life. Until 1566-68, Spain and England conserved peaceful relations despite a few minor incidents. Philip II abstained from favouring the Catholic Mary Stewart, a Guise, instead of Elizabeth. If he had supported her, he would have risked dangerously increasing France's influence. But, with the English support of the rebels in the Netherlands and the English attacks on the Spanish Atlantic fleet, Philip considered the suggestion advocated by lobbyists from Britain that he should assault England through its traditional enemy and `back gate' Scotland. The Spanish monarch, obsessively devoted to his faith, was tremendously concerned with restoring Roman Catholicism to the British Isles; however, he also knew that instability inside the Isle could mean the end of English aid to the rebels in the Netherlands and a cessation of the English piracy and privateering; moreover, Scotland could have been used as a secure base in the North Sea. This Spanish interest was welcomed in the realm of Scotland not only by the many discontents, some Catholics, some not, who saw in Spain a new `El Dorado' - the source of money, troops and employment. Religion often produced clear loyalties, as for example, the collaborations of the earls of Huntly, Angus and Errol with Spain, i. e. their involvement in the `Spanish Blanks' in 1593. But other loyalties were often confusing. For example, Francis Stewart, the earl of Bothwell, a Protestant by education, who made brief collaborations with Spain. Even in the Scottish court, there was a considerable political debate; while Mary was still prisoner, James VI was swaying between Spain and England, looking for money and an assurance of his succession to the English throne after Queen Elizabeth's death. The period between 1580 and 1588 was characterized by the Jesuit mission to Scotland and the preparations for the Spanish Armada of 1588. In the early 1580s, the Pope gave permission for a Jesuit mission, financed by Spain, to be sent to Scotland to restore the `true' faith, which functioned until 1583, when it became clear that only an armed invasion would eliminate Protestantism from the Isle. Despite the failure of the Armada, its purpose was not forgotten by Philip II nor the Scots. The plan of an invasion through Scotland was not dismissed, but was waiting for a `more propitious time. ' The characteristic of this period of ten years, between the Armada and the death of Philip II of Spain in 1598, was the unrealistic plans for invasions being hatched in Spain, and the divisions between those who supported a Spanish or a Scottish candidature for the English throne, and the fear of a Spanish- Catholic conspiracy in the realm. Nevertheless, everything was over after the death of Philip II. While Spain was ruined and suffocating with problems, James VI was reinforcing his alliance with Elizabeth I, and was assuring his accession to the English throne. The hope of restoration of the Catholic faith in the Isle was only kept by William and Hugh Sempill; now the only hope of the Scottish Catholics was the Scots College in Madrid. This study is based principally on manuscript sources, many of them rarely and some of them never previously used. Eleven archives were used for this work: Archivo General de Simancas, Valladolid; Biblioteca Nacional de Espana, Madrid; Nacional Library of Scotland, Edinburgh; Public Record Office, London; the British Library, London; Library of the Nacional Maritime Museum, Greenwich; Cambridge University Library, Cambridge; Archivio di Statu Firenze, Mediceo del Principato; and the Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University Library, Utah.

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Cette thèse s’attache à explorer la place des non musulmans dans l’œuvre juridique du grand qāḍī de Cordoue Ibn Rušd al-ǧadd (m. en 520/1126 et grand-père du célèbre Averroès) du point de vue normatif. À la lumière de la comparaison des différents textes produits par Ibn Rušd, cette étude vise à interroger les modalités du contact entre musulmans et « infidèles » en al-Andalus de la seconde moitié du XIe s. jusqu’à la première moitié du XIIe siècle, sous le règne almoravide. Notre première partie s’attachera à reconstituer le contexte dans lequel évolua notre qāḍī. Homme influent, il inspira à plusieurs reprises la politique des Almoravides. Il occupa, par ailleurs, le poste de qāḍī l-ǧamā‘a (de 1117 à 1121) qui était alors la plus haute fonction judiciaire en al- Andalus. Dans notre deuxième partie, nous situerons les textes juridiques dans leur contexte historique, ainsi que dans leur contexte de production juridique qui s’inscrit dans l’évolution épistémologique de l’école mālikite. La troisième partie nous amènera à déterminer la place occupée par les non-musulmans, de manière quantitative et qualitative, dans le Bayān wa ltaḥṣīl. Dans les uṣūl al-fiqh, notre attention a porté sur le šar‘ man qabla-nā (lois antérieurement révélées) et le taklīf al-kuffār bi-furū‘ al-šarī‘a (les infidèles sont-ils concernés par la loi musulmane?). Concernant le fiqh, nous avons étudié plus précisément ce qui se rapportait aux pratiques alimentaires et funéraires. Pour finir, au travers de l’analyse de notre corpus compilé au début du XIIe siècle, on s’interrogera sur l’évolution du statut juridique des non-musulmans à une époque où la reconquête chrétienne (prise de Tolède en 1085) était déjà bien amorcée. / This dissertation will probe into the position of non- Mulim people in the judicial works by Great Mālikī Jurisconsult, qāḍī Ibn Rušd al-ǧadd (d. 520/1126 and grandfather of famous Averroes) from Cordoba. This issue will be dealt with from a normative point of view. In the light of the comparison with various texts written by Ibn Rušd, this study aims at questioning the modalities pertaining to the relationship between Muslims and “unbelievers” in al-Andalus, from the second half of the 11th century to the first half of the 12th century under the Almoravid reign. The first part of this study will reconstitute the context in which the qāḍī lived and evolved. As a man of influence, he several times inspired Almoravid politics. Besides, he held a position as qāḍī l-ǧamā‘a (from 1117 to 1121), which was the highest judicial office in al-Andalus. In the second part of this study, we will situate the judicial texts in their historical context, as well as in their production in the judicial context at that time, which is involved in the Mālikī School of thought’s epistemological evolution. The third part of this dissertation will lead us to determine the position inherent to non-Muslim people, from a quantitative and qualitative point of view, in the Bayān wa l-taḥṣīl. In the scope of the uṣūl al-fiqh, we focused on the šar‘man qabla-nā (previously revealed laws) and on the taklīf al-kuffār bi-furū‘ al-šarī‘a (are unbelievers concerned by Muslim law?). As for the fiqh, we more specifically focused on food patterns and funerary rituals. To conclude, through the analysis of our compiled corpus in the beginning of the 12th century, we will consider the evolution of non-Muslims’ judicial status, back in a time when Christian Reconquest (the taking of Toledo in 1085) was well on its way.

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This thesis examines the development and success of Spanish naval policy during the reign of Ferdinand VI focusing on the period from the end of the War of Austrian Succession in 1748 to Ferdinand’s death in 1759. During this time, more specifically during the premiership of the Marquis de la Ensenada which ended in 1754, the navy was made the object of a major expansion programme intended to improve its ability to enforce and defend Spanish interests within Europe and in the Americas. Ensenada aimed at expanding Spain’s navy by building ships and creating a solid supporting infrastructure for them. He sought to modernise the technology used in the Spanish navy through studying that of its rivals, while at the same time developing the domestic agricultures and industries that supplied it and encouraging service in it, whether at the arsenals or on ships, by offering good conditions and attractive pay. Although Ensenada achieved some success, his removal from power at an early stage prevented his project from reaching fruition. Furthermore, the cutbacks that followed his removal demonstrated the extent to which the Spanish Navy depended upon the support of a monarch or minister for political and financial backing since the idea that Spain needed a powerful navy was not necessarily high on the agenda at the Spanish Court. This was probably because the navy, though effective in carrying out routine operations such as the transport of Crown property or troops, had not had the kind of success nor demonstrated the kind of aggression necessary in defending Spanish interests at sea that would suggest a policy of reliance on it as a suitable political strategy.

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