No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis covers the history of the besleyan Methodist missions in Southern Rhodesia frost 1891 to 1945. Several aspects of Rhodesian Methodists are discussed, including the religious, educational, literary, and nodical aspects, and the role of the missionaries in African Welfare. Before examining the work of the Methodist missions in Southern Rhodesia, the traditional religion of the two major African peoples in Southern Rhodesia, the Sboaa and Ndebele, is discussed in order to provide the framework within which the missionaries worked when they arrived in the country. The background to Hhodesian Methodises; the establishment of the first Methodist missions in Hashonaland from the time the missionaries arrived up to the outbreak of the Hatabele war of 1893; the Matabele war itself and its results from the missionaries' standpoint; the establishment of Methodist missions in Hatabeleland and Mashoaaiand from the end of the Matabele war until Che outbreak of the Kdebele and Shone risings in March and June of 1896, are also discussed. The causes of the hdebele and Shone risings of 1896-7 against the regime of the British South Africa Company and the results of the two risings on the country as a whole and on the Methodist missions in particular, form another important theme of this thesis. Several aspects of the work of the Methodist missions from the supression of the hdebele and Shona risings in 1897 up to the end of the First World War in 1918, are studied in detail. These include the establishment of more Methodist mission stations in Matabeleland and Hasbonalaud; the African response to Christianity and the literary and medical work carried out during this period. One of the most important contributions of the Methodists in Southern Rhodesia was in the field of African education. The taajor Methodist educational institutions established between 1893 and 1918 and between 1919 and 1945 are studied in detail and their contribution to African education is assessed. Several aspects of the work of the Methodist Missions in Southern Rhodesia between 1916 and 1945 are also discussed. These include, first, the expansion of the Methodist Church through four movements, the Ruwadsano/Hauyaco movement, the Girls' Christian Union, the Men's Christian Union and the Boys' Christian Union) second, the rules and regulations governing the membership of the Methodist Church in Southern Rhodesia and the problems encountered in enforcing these rules and regulations; third, the literary work carried out during this period; fourth, the phenomenon of independency, and in particular, the secession of the Rev. E.T.J, iiemapure from the Methodist Church to form his own African Methodist Church; and fifth, an assessment of the achievements of the Methodist Church in Southern Rhodesia during this period. An examination is made of the role played by the missionaries generally and by the Methodists in particular in African welfare between 1914 and 1945, especially on the land and franchise questions and the role pleyed by the Methodist missionary, the Rev. Percy Ibbotson, in African welfare, particularly in his capacity as Organising Secretary of the Federation of Native Welfare Societies in Southern Rhodesia, Finally, the significance of Christian missions generally and the Methodist missions in particular in the history of Southern Rhodesia, is assessed.

This thesis examines the way in which two exogenous institutions, Church and State, have influenced both the development and the underdevelopment of Uwanda, a remote area of South Western Tanzania. It is concerned with the strategies and policies of both of these institutions as applied in concreto, and the responses of, and the initiatives taken, by the anda people to resist these alien incursions. As such, it is an empirical micro-study of the politics of interaction and confrontation between the rural masses, the colonial administration and the Catholic mission of Uwanda. It exposes the mechanisms employed to subject a population to alien domination, and the alliances of convenience between the mission and the colonial authorities intended to impose mutually beneficial political and cultural hegemony. The impact of these policies is related to the impoverishment and backwardness of the area, labour migrancy, the decline of local crafts, the seizure of negotiable assets and the increased vulnerability to drought and natural disasters.

This thesis deals exclusively with the history of the Southern Temno in the late nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries - roughly between the 1880s to the 1920s. The events of the earlier periods are, however, not ignored since without them it is impossible to present any reasonable assessment of the issues involved. This is particularly so with those issues which are purely of a traditional and cultural nature. On the whole, the thesis is a study of the impact of the pre-colonial socioeconomic changes upon the political institutions of the Southern Temne. A brief look at the Chapters can now be taken. Chapter I deals with the origin of the Temne and their migration to their present habitation; their integration with other people; the institution of their monarchies and general government system; their social and cultural organizations and economy; and the influence of Islam and Christianity among them. Chapter II deals with the changes which occurred among the people in a politico-socio-economic sense. The main elements involved are: the English and their early trade with the natives; the acquiring of the Colony and the influence of the Krios; their gradual penetration inland through treaties and expeditions; the establishment of the Protectorate; the railway construction; the commercial role of the Syrians; and the integration of the Chiefs into the British Colonial administration of the new Protectorate. Chapters III-VII contain detailed accounts of the traditional history of each chiefdom in a political and constitutional context - its extent; the foundation of its crown and how it was governed; its foreign policy; its relationship with the Colony before 1896; and how it later existed in the new colonial situation. Finally, Chapter VIII attempts at consolidating the accounts of the events discussed in the preceding Chapters, presenting the results in a general perspective.

No description available.

The period of British colonial rule in Darfur is prominent in current debates about the roots of recent conflict. It has been argued that the colonial policy of ‘Native Administration’, and the ethnicisation of land rights that it imposed, made large scale violence almost inevitable. In this view, colonial rule established a ‘retribalisation’ of politics and society in Darfur, a reversal of the ‘detribalisation’ imposed by the pre-colonial Sultans. In contrast, this thesis argues that British colonial governance in Darfur intensified a tendency towards growing association between local leaders and the state that had begun well before 1916. Rather than regarding colonial rule as a monolithic imposition of state authority from above, this thesis demonstrates the fragmented, negotiated and personalised character of colonial rule at the local level. Whilst colonial rule introduced important innovations (such as territorial boundaries around ethnic homelands and more powerful paramount chiefs), overall its transformative power was rather limited: rather the colonial state had to engage with many of the same political dynamics as its predecessors. The thesis also shows that Darfuris contracted with colonial authority on the grounds of local chieftaincy and boundary disputes. Rather than simply enforcing state authority, officials were often drawn into local political dynamics by the force of local initiative, particularly that of their clients, the chiefs. The thesis therefore contributes to broader scholarship which emphasises the interactive, negotiated character of colonial rule in Africa. It also locates the roots of the neo-patrimonial culture of the post-colonial Sudanese state in these local dynamics, emphasising the interpenetration between bureaucratic and patrimonial forms of governance which characterised colonial rule in Darfur. The thesis thus challenges the core-periphery model of Sudanese political geography by arguing for the importance of ‘peripheral’ political cultures in determining the character of the Sudanese state.

Based on extensive UK and African archival research and a wide survey of secondary sources, this thesis examines various aspects of African cotton production from prehistoric to modern times. Its main emphasis is on the interaction of British demand and African supply during the twentieth century colonial period. The British Cotton Growing Association (BCGA), Empire Cotton Growing Corporation (ECGC), Malawi and Tanzania are studied in detail to observe the means by which the BCGA and ECGC articulated British needs and nurtured the African cotton industry and the extent to which East and Central African cotton-growing was directed by external wants, supported by outside input and met local desires. Also examined are the dynamics of competition, control and occasional cooperation between European planters, African smallholders, metropolitan government, various levels of local government administration, large-scale merchants, small traders, Departments of Agriculture and the Colonial Office (CO). Background data is provided in technical appendices and over fifty statistical tables, graphs and maps. Starting with a discussion on the origins of cultivated cottons, the first chapter describes the rise of the Lancashire cotton industry and its search for a regular, secure supply of raw cotton. The second chapter narrates the history of the BCGA, inaugurated in 1902 to meet British cotton requirements, and assesses its success, its inherent dichotomy as 'semi-philanthropic, semi-commercial' and its relationships with the CO, overseas governments and trading firms. It also introduces the ECGC, chartered in 1921, the main subject of the third chapter which spotlights the varied areas of ECGC activity and its role in agricultural research. Chapter 4 bridges the metropolitan-colonial divide with an examination of economics, agriculture and cotton in British territories in Africa, with specific sections on Zimbabwe, Zambia, Kenya and Uganda. Chapters 5 and 6 present overviews of cotton-growing in Malawi and Tanzania, touching on regional variations, constraints on expansion, means of encouragement, ecological effect and economic and production results.

Soldier settlement, the placing of ex-service men on the land, was a widespread response by the Governments of the british empire to the problems of reconstruction after World War I. The schemes, undertaken for reasons of economic growth, social stability and the 'debt of honour' owed to ex-soldiers, soon proved to be either failures or expensive successes. In Kenya, soldier settlement was initially envisaged as a means of strengthening the local white community in the face of an African population which had lost its aawe of Europeans as a result of the War, but it quickly became an attempt to both promote economic development by new settlement and to care for potential 'poor whites' within Kenya. Three lotteries in London and Nairobi distributed more than a thousand farms to existing residents and to new settlers, but the scheme was basically a re-affirmation of existing land policy in that emphasis was strongly placed on the allotment of large area of land to those with the capital to devfelop it. Keya's 'small men' gained little from the scheme and it acquired a justified reputation for allowing an unfair distribution of land, widespread speculation and evasion of regulations governing the development and sale of the farms. As an exercise in land settlement, however, the scheme was not a failure and when considered in the context of other Imperial land settlement schemes at the time, it can be counted a success. The scheme and its aftermath, however, also illustrated the contrants on any attempt to make Kenya another Australia. Kenya was a rich white man's country for economic and geographical reasons. The settlers who were attracted to Kenya by the scheme amply justified the country's reputation in this respect. Their financial social, educational and military backgrounds corresponded to those of the upper and professional classes in british society. They were members of an elite before coming to Kenya and their main reason for participation in the scheme was to preserve that status from the threat of post-war inflation. The soldier settlers possessed political. And economic skills which, in the year following 1919, they used to overcome the problems involved in land settlement in Kenya and to construct an economic system which showed both their weakness as agriculturalists and their strength as "British subjects of purely European origin". The soldier settlers also brought a number of new influences to bear on the political life, society and racial attitudes of settler Kenya. The most important of these influences was experience of British India. "Anglo-Indian" soldier settlers provided much of the impetus for settler resistance in the post-war India Question. The society and way of life of the soldier settlers, while reflecting the model of upper class life in Britain was often patterned on india hill stations. The racial attitudes of the settlers were frequently buttressed by Indian Examples. The basic foundations of settler Kenya, however reained unaltered by the new arrivals. The main source of conflict in settler politics remained the division between urban merchants and rural producers. The society and way of life of settler Kenya and its attitudes to other races and to the Imperial power were determined by the settler position as a small minority Dependent on Britain for survival. The effect of the scheme and the new settlers on the other races of Kenya was chiefly visible in land questions. The scheme represented and curtailment of Asian and African frontiers and the actual alienation of African land for white settlement. The scheme caused caused much disquiet among the Kikuyu, culminating in the formation of the Kikuyu Association, but it was the Nandi tribe which suffered most from the scheme as a substantial portion of their land wa taken for it. Isolated from nationalist political activity, the Nandi used both their traditional leadership and, more importantly, the image which they held as "good" Africans to reverse the tide of the settler frontier. The development was symptomatic of the retreat of the soldier settler frontier as a whole, as age and the rise of African nationalism ended the role which the soldier settlers had played in Kenya. They and contributed much to settler Kenya, but their numbers had been insufficient to make their influence permanent. aKenya's Asian population ensured that urban whites were fundamentally expatriate managers and land settlement, the primary aim of settler immigration policy, was incapable of of creating a European population which could maintain itself without British support. Geography and the possession of a white skin in an African country, which had given the settlers their place in Kenya, were also to bring them down.