Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / There are certain images of war that are horrific, frightening and at the same time, due to an outstanding compositional structure, they are fascinating and do not allow its observers to keep their distance. This thesis examines three images of war that have often been described as icons of war photography. The images “children fleeing a napalm strike” by Nick Ut, “the falling soldier” by Robert Capa and Sam Nzima’s photograph of Hector Pieterson are historical reference images that came to represent the wars and conflicts in which they were taken. It has been examined that a number of different factors have an impact on a war photograph’s awareness level and its potential to commit itself to what is referred to as collective consciousness. Such factors are the aesthetical composition and outstanding formal elements in connection with the exact moment the photograph was taken, ethical implications or the forcefulness of the event itself. As it has been examined in this thesis, the three photographs have achieved iconic status due to different circumstances and criteria and they can be described as historical reference images representing the specific wars or conflicts. In this thesis an empirical study was conducted, questioning 660 students from Spain, South Africa and Vietnam about their awareness level regarding the three selected photographs. While the awareness level of the Spanish and the South African image was rather high in the countries of origin, they did not achieve such a high international awareness level as the Vietnamese photograph by Nick Ut, which turned out to be exceptionally well-known by all students questioned. Overall, findings suggest that the three selected icons of war photography have been anchored in collective memory. Ut, Robert Capa, Sam Nzima, semiotics, Spanish Civil War, the falling soldier, Vietnam War

Dans la seconde moitié des années 1930, de nombreux conflits éclatent dans le monde. La Guerre civile espagnole, qui oppose le gouvernement républicain et les troupes nationalistes du général Francisco Franco, débute en 1936. En 1937, c’est la Seconde Guerre sino-japonaise qui débute en Asie. Les besoins médicaux sont alors énormes dans les deux cas. Le médecin canadien Norman Bethune se rend successivement en Espagne et en Chine afin d’y apporter sa contribution professionnelle. Il se retrouve alors confronté à des conditions médicales aux antipodes de ce qu’il avait connues dans sa pratique antérieure. À Madrid, il développe son unité mobile de transfusion sanguine, une solution permettant d’acheminer d’importantes quantités de sang d’un hôpital à l’autre et de soigner plusieurs soldats blessés au front. Dans le nord de la Chine, région contrôlée par les communistes, il doit cependant en faire beaucoup plus. Il invente notamment des instruments, prend en charge la formation du personnel médical, met sur pied un hôpital-école et pratique un très grand nombre d’opérations. Bien qu’il se dévoue à sa cause dans les deux cas, il devient, après sa mort, un héros national en Chine mais pas en Espagne. Plusieurs points expliquent pourquoi et comment ses missions se sont déroulées de façon totalement différente et pourquoi les résultats n’ont pas été les mêmes dans les deux pays.