Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The investigation into the relationship between neural plasticity in the rat forebrain associated with opiate-induced behaviours yielded two major results. The major finding of the functional neuroanatomy of acute morphine dependence was that doses of naloxone that induced hyperalgesia following a brief exposure to morphine, in previously drug-naïve rats, caused a specific induction of the inducible transcription factor (itf) proteins c-Fos and zif268 in the extended amygdala. Moreover, doses of naloxone that caused a simple reversal in morphine analgesia failed to induce itf proteins in these same brain regions. This increase in itf proteins was specific to regions of the extended amygdala that receive and process nociceptive information relayed via the spino-parabrachio-amygdaloid pathway and was not observed in other regions that are involved in supraspinal pain modulation such as the rostral ventromedial medulla and the periaqueductal gray. We also found that acute morphine increased c-Fos protein in the basolateral amygdala and the major output nucleus of the central amygdala the medial subdivision. Acute morphine also up-regulated c-Fos protein in striatal, midbrain, and hypothalamic nuclei. A unique finding of the current study was that prolonged exposure to morphine was required to induce c-Fos in these brain regions, as the subsequent administration of naloxone 30-minutes after morphine either reversed or blocked this induction. These results indicate the potential role of the amygdala in analgesia following systemic morphine and in pain facilitation during acute morphine abstinence. Investigation into the neurons and circuitry that undergo long-term neuroplasticity in response to repeated morphine exposure revealed that network-level changes in the distribution of Fos protein in the nucleus accumbens and striatum predicted both tolerance to catalepsy and psychomotor sensitisation. Drug-naïve rats became profoundly cataleptic following morphine, an effect that rats with a drug-history became tolerant. Rats with a history of morphine exposure showed an increase in stereotyped behaviours compared to drug-naïve rats. The major finding of this study was that a shift in the induction of c-Fos protein from a matrix predominance in drug-naïve rats toward a patch predominance in drug-sensitised rats in the accumbens core predicted both tolerance to catalepsy and sensitisation of oral stereotyped behaviours. Acute injection of morphine in a drug-naïve rat induced catalepsy and increased the number of c-Fos-positive neurons in matrix striatopallidal projection neurons of the rostral accumbens core. An increase in activity of striatopallidal projection neurons, which give rise to the indirect pathway, could potentially increase inhibitory drive to the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). The PPN, long known as a site of termination for basal ganglia output, is thought to direct the outflow of incentive-motivational and sensorimotor information from the nucleus accumbens to pons, medullary, and spinal cord nuclei translating the incentive impact of the stimuli into appropriate motor, autonomic and emotive responses (Winn et al., 1997). Inhibition of this nucleus would cause the animal to be unable to initiate a movement and in effect lock up, which is precisely what cataleptic postures look like. In contrast c-Fos-positive neurons were decreased in the rostral matrix and increased in patch striatonigral projection neurons along the rostro-caudal extent of the accumbens core when morphine was administered to drug-sensitised rats. Striatonigral neurons located in the patch give rise to the direct pathway innervating the dopaminergic neurons in both substantia pars compacta and the dopamine rich islands in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (Berendse et al., 1992; Gerfen, 1992; Furuta et al., 2002). Activity of this pathway is thought to be involved in the initiation of movement (Gerfen, 1992; Gerfen and Wilson, 1996), however, when this pathway is overstimulated as is the case when morphine is injected in drug-sensitised rats this could potentially cause increased activity of PPN neurons leading to repetitive psychomotor behaviours or stereotypy. This data adds to the growing body of evidence that suggests that long-term neuroadaptations induced by drugs of abuse including morphine that lead to behavioural sensitisation involves the circuitry that includes the nucleus accumbens.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Göteborgs universitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Research paper (M.A.)--Cardinal Stritch College--Milwaukee, 1968. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 34-36).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-135). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 152-174).

Thesis (M.Ed.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1978. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2794.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2006. / Advisor: Lynn Panton, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Dept. of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 8, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 86 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

Το σηματοδοτικό μονοπάτι Hippo παίζει καθοριστικό ρόλο στην ομοιόσταση ιστών και οργάνων κατά την εμβρυογένεση και την ενήλικο ζωή ενώ όλο και περισσότερες μελέτες αναδεικνύουν τη σημασία του στην καρκινογένεση. Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν η διερεύνηση της έκφρασης των πρωτεϊνών YAP, TAZ, Ε-cadherin και b-catenin, στο Βασικοκυτταρικό καρκίνωμα του δέρματος (ΒΚΚ) και η συσχέτιση των ευρημάτων με την ενεργοποίηση της σηματοδοτικής οδού HIPPO, με την αλληλεπίδραση των σηματοδοτικών μονοπατιών Wnt/b-catenin και Hippo/YAP και με κλινικοπαθολογοανατομικές παραμέτρους του νεοπλάσματος. . Μέθοδοι και αποτελέσματα: Με την τεχνική της ανοσοϊστοχημείας ελεγχθηκε η έκφραση των πρωτεϊνών ΥΑΡ, ΤΑΖ, Ε-cadherin και b-catenin σε τομές παραφίνης μονιμομοποιημένου σε φορμόλη ιστού 95 περιστατικών ανθρώπινου ΒΚΚ. Η έκφραση και των δύο βασικών επιτελεστικών μορίων του Hippo (YAP,TAZ) βρέθηκε αυξημένη στον πυρήνα όλων των ιστολογικών τύπων ΒΚΚ και ήταν σημαντικά αυξημένη στους υψηλού κινδύνου υπότυπους. Τα μικροοζώδη, διαφοροποιούνταν τόσο από τα διηθητικά όσο και από τους χαμηλού κινδύνου υπότυπους εμφανίζοντας ενδιάμεση έκφραση για την ΥΑΡ όμως την υψηλότερη έκφραση για την ΤΑΖ μεταξύ όλων των ιστολογικών υποτύπων. Η E-cadherin στα περιστατικά μας διατηρούσε σε μεγάλο βαθμό τη μεμβρανική της έκφραση αν και μειωμένη σε σχέση με τη φυσιολογική επιδερμίδα, χωρίς σημαντικές διαφορές μεταξύ των ιστολογικών τύπων ή μεταξύ του όγκου συνολικά και της διηθητικής παρυφής. Τέλος, στα μισά περίπου περιστατικά μας διαπιστώθηκε πυρηνική έκφραση της β-catenin η οποία ήταν σημαντική στα διηθητικά σε σχέση με τα οζώδη, ενώ επίσης τα διηθητικά ΒΚΚ εμφάνιζαν τα υψηλότερα ποσοστά κυτταροπλασματικής έκφρασης της β-catenin μεταξύ όλων των ιστολογικών τύπων. Επίσης, η μεμβρανική έκφραση της β-catenin στο διηθητικό μέτωπο των υψηλού κινδύνου υποτύπων ήταν μειωμένη σε σχέση με τους χαμηλού κινδύνου. Συμπεράσματα: Το μονοπάτι Hippo φαίνεται ότι συμβάλλει στην παθογένεια του ΒΚΚ με έμφαση στους υψηλού κινδύνου υποτύπους, έχοντας κατά κύριο λόγο ογκογόνο δράση. Στην περίπτωση του ΒΚΚ, η Ε-cadherin δεν φαίνεται να αποτελεί ανωφερή ρυθμιστή του Hippo καθώς η διατήρηση της μεμβρανικής της έκφρασης δεν συνοδεύεται από σημαντικές αλλαγές στην υποκυτταρική εντόπιση της ΥΑΡ, γεγονός που ίσως αντανακλά τον ιστό προέλευσης του όγκου και οι νεοπλασματικές φωλεές διατηρούν αξιοσημείωτη κυτταρική συνοχή και επιθηλιακό φαινότυπο ακόμη και στην περίπτωση των επιθετικών υποτύπων. Η προφανής απαίτηση για Wnt/β-catenin σηματοδότηση στα ΒΚΚ θα πρέπει να ερευνηθεί περαιτέρω καθώς ενδέχεται να βρίσκεται υπό αρνητική ρύθμιση από παράγοντες όπως η ενεργοποίηση της non canonical Wnt σηματοδοτικής οδού που δρά ανταγωνιστικά ως προς την canonical Wnt σηματοδοτική οδό και η έκφραση σε υψηλά επίπεδα της E-cadherin στις μεμβράνες. Η παρατηρούμενη βιβλιογραφική ετερογένεια ως προς τη σημασία της Wnt σηματοδότησης στην παθογένεια του ΒΚΚ πιθανόν να αντανακλά βιολογική ετερογένεια ως προς την απαίτηση για Wnt σηματοδότηση εν γένει στο ΒΚΚ που πιθανόν αντικατοπτρίζει διαφορετική συμβολή της Wnt σηματοδοτικής οδού στα διάφορα στάδια εξέλιξης του όγκου ή/και στους διαφορετικούς ιστολογικούς υπότυπους. / Hippo pathway has emerged as a crucial component of organ and tissue homeostasis. Increasing number of studies highlight it’s significance in carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of YAP, TAZ, Ε-cadherin and b-catenin in human Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) and correlate it with the activation status of Hippo signaling pathway, the interaction of Wnt/b-catenin και Hippo/YAP signaling pathways and clinicopathological features of the tumor. Materials and results: Paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 95 human BCC cases were processed by immunohistochemistry for the expression of YAP, TAZ, Ε-cadherin and b-catenin. Nuclear expression of both Hippo effector proteins (YAP,TAZ) was observed in 100% of cases and was strongly corellated with the high risk subtypes. Micronodular differed from both the invasive and low risk subtypes by showing intermediate nuclear YAP expression and the highest nuclear TAZ expression among all BCC subtypes tested. E-cadherin expression in our cases was largely membranous, though reduced compared to normal epidermis, with no significant differences between histologic subtypes or between the tumor overall and it’s invasive front. Finaly, nuclear β-catenin expression was observed in about half of our cases and was significantly increased in the infiltrative compared to the nodular subtype with the infiltrative BCC’s having the highest cytoplasmic β-catenin expression among all subtypes tested. Moreover, membranous β-catenin expression at the invasive front was significantly reduced in the high risk subtypes when compared to the low risk. Conclusions: We believe that Hippo signaling pathway holds a critical oncogenic role in the pathogenesis of BCC, expecially in the high risk subtypes. In the case of BCC, Ε-cadherin doesn’t appear to act as an upstream regulator of Hippo because it’s relatively stable membranous expression doesn’t seem to follow any variations in the subcellular localization of YAP, an observation probably reflecting the fact that skin is the tissue of origin for BCC. Neoplastic nests remain remarkably cohesive and retain an epithelial phenotype even in the high risk variants. The obvious demand for Wnt/β-catenin signaling in BCC development needs to be further invastigated because it seems likely being under negative regulation by factors like activation of the non canonical Wnt signaling cascade and increased expression levels of membranous E-cadherin. The observed variability in the literature regarding the significance of canonical Wnt signaling in BCC pathogenesis could be reflecting biological variability in the contribution of Wnt signaling in BCC pathogenesis overall, corresponding to differencies in Wnt signaling between the various stages of neoplastic development or/and the different histologic subtypes .

We perceive the environment via sensor arrays and interact with it through motor outputs. The work of this thesis concerns how the brain selects actions given the information about the perceived state of the world and how it learns and adapts these selections to changes in this environment. Reinforcement learning theories suggest that an action will be more or less likely to be selected if the outcome has been better or worse than expected. A group of subcortical structures, the basal ganglia (BG), is critically involved in both the selection and the reward prediction. We developed and investigated a computational model of the BG. We implemented a Bayesian-Hebbian learning rule, which computes the weights between two units based on the probability of their activations. We were able test how various configurations of the represented pathways impacted the performance in several reinforcement learning and conditioning tasks. Then, following the development of a more biologically plausible version with spiking neurons, we simulated lesions in the different pathways and assessed how they affected learning and selection. We observed that the evolution of the weights and the performance of the models resembled qualitatively experimental data. The absence of an unique best way to configure the model over all the learning paradigms tested indicates that an agent could dynamically configure its action selection mode, mainly by including or not the reward prediction values in the selection process. We present hypotheses on possible biological substrates for the reward prediction pathway. We base these on the functional requirements for successful learning and on an analysis of the experimental data. We further simulate a loss of dopaminergic neurons similar to that reported in Parkinson’s disease. We suggest that the associated motor symptoms are mostly causedby an impairment of the pathway promoting actions, while the pathway suppressing them seems to remain functional. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>