Thesis (M. Sc.) -- Memorial University of Newfoundland. / Bibliography : leaves 66-76. Also available online.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Rhode Island, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-150).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1953. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2007. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: David M. Klumpar. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-108).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-153). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Capturing CO2 produced by power plants and storing it within depleted oil and natural gas reservoirs in the seabed offers a potential means to reduce the emissions that contribute to climate change. This is known as carbon capture and storage (CCS). CO2 captured from power plants is transported to these reservoirs using pipelines. To determine the parameters of pipeline operation this calls for a need to characterise, via an "equation of state", the physical properties of CO2 during transport. Doing so is further complicated by the fact that CO2 captured from power stations is typically a mixture of CO2 with other fluids. This affects the physical properties of the CO2 to be transported and so needs to be accounted for. In this thesis we develop statistical models for equations of state that can account for the physical properties of CO2 relevant to carbon capture and storage, and which allow us to quantify uncertainty in the predictions from the equation of state. We propose two statistical models for equations of state. Firstly we develop a statistical model which can be applied to any pressure-explicit parametric equation of state. To do so we have developed a novel method by which to rigorously account for uncertainties due to coexistence which is complicated by the fact that it involves perfectly correlated measurements on two fluid phases. We fit this model to pure CO2 obtaining good agreement with data for most temperatures. We then extended this model and our method for accounting for coexistence to mixtures. We fit this model to real CO2-H2 data. Despite mixing well, the results of this fit do not agree well with the data and equations of state need to be developed further to be able to model mixture data well. Secondly we develop a non-parametric Gaussian process approach which offers greater flexibility and requires fewer assumptions. This non-parametric model is fit to pure CO2 reference data for individual subcritical temperatures. We demonstrate how applying a transformation to the covariance function can account for non-stationarity in the data resulting in good agreement between predictions from the fit model and the data.

The rapid and unsustainable urbanization process causes a serious existing thermal environmental problem that aggravates climatic change and generates a higher temperature in urban area than in rural area. Based on literature review, this is the first research that uses field measurement methodology to investigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect in Hangzhou and Ningbo cities of Zhejiang Province. This study aims to investigate reciprocal interaction of UHI effect with urban building energy based on the air temperature and relative humidity measurement in research area. There are three main factors including vegetation cover, urban building configuration and surface material properties, and human activities, contributing to the UHI development. Through using ENVI-met simulation, the study has investigated how the West Lake and the Xixi Wetland ecological areas in the city act as passive thermal comfort systems in improving the outdoor built environment and mitigating UHI effect. However, according to the observation, the UHI effect in Hangzhou is still more intense than that in Ningbo. The monthly average UHII values in Hangzhou ranged between 1℃ and 4℃, whilst the highest monthly average UHII in Ningbo is only as high as 1.5℃. Additionally, the study has evaluated that the UHI effect is most pronounce in winter days, because there is serious air pollution, high concentration of Particulate Matter (PM) and low wind speed in winter days in China. The result has also proved that the night time UHI effect is significantly more intense than the day time UHI effect. It has been validated in the study that UHI effect can be mitigated by three effective strategies, such as the application of cool materials on urban surfaces, modifying urban geometry to improve wind flow and expanding green space in urban areas. Owing to the hourly air temperature and relative humidity collected from strategically selected sites around the city, modified TMY weather dataset has been established. The research employed a case study of China Telecom Business Office Building in Hangzhou to evaluate the impact of UHI on urban building energy consumption. It implies that there is about 20% cooling demand underestimated in the hot months and about 25% heating demand overestimated in the cold months for the office building located in the urban city of Hangzhou, if the building is designed based on currently available weather dataset without considering UHI effect. Based on the application of artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic programming (GP) techniques, the research has provided algorithms to link factors such as “Distance from City Centre”, “Surrounding Albedo”, “Land Use of the Area (residential, commercial, industrial, recreational etc.)”, “Sky View Factor” to predict the UHI intensity for any site compared to a reference site.

Standard measurements of the geomagnetic field at the earth's surface are correlated with doppler measurements. The doppler shift in the frequency of a radio wave travelling in the ionosphere measures the change in refractive index with respect to time, integrated along the wave's path. For a vertical path the integrated change in electron density is measured, and the ionosphere's vertical motion can be deduced, using simplifying assumptions. A definite correlation between short period (less than four minutes) geomagnetic field changes and the doppler shift has been found. For longer period changes, evidence for a correlation is not so definite. The magnitude of the ratio of the doppler shift (in a frequency of 4 or 5 Mc.) to the observed geomagnetic field change for short period events is between 0.1 and 0.4 cps/ɣ and for longer events, 0.05 to 0.15 cps/ɣ. Sometimes the doppler shift is proportional to ΔH or ΔD. However no relation that would hold in general to predict the doppler shift from the observed geomagnetic changes was found. Apart from the diurnal variation in the doppler shift, three types of uncorrelated events were found. The first was a continuous variation occurring during the daytime which has been observed by many workers. The second was a large travelling ionospheric disturbance which followed a sudden change in the geomagnetic field, and thus might be considered indirectly to be correlated. The last type was a train of large amplitude irregular oscillations with periods from about 3 to 0.5 minutes, the longer periods appearing first. The problem of determining ionospheric motions from the doppler shift is very complex, and in order to make any progress, certain simplifying assumptions must be made which cannot be completely justified. By assuming also that the observed long period geomagnetic field changes are caused by overhead currents, and by using average ionospheric conductivities, the electric field in the ionosphere is calculated, the values ranging between 10⁻⁷ and 10⁻⁶ e.s.u. For shorter period geomagnetic field changes, the doppler shift is larger (approximately by a factor of 3) than the value which has previously been calculated by assuming that overhead currents cause the geomagnetic changes. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Using the oceanographic ship, the Endeavor; the University of British Columbia undertook a study of Bowie Seamount (53°18', 135°41') during the summer of 1968. Receiving a proton precession magnetometer for the cruise from PNL, a magnetic field survey was included in the study. The magnitude of the observed anomaly was about 850 gammas. The regional was determined by data taken in an airborne magnetic survey done in 1958 by the Dominion Observatory. Corresponding to the topography, the contour plot of the magnetic field showed a strong linear trend from the SW to the NE. In addition, despite fairly symmetrical bathymetry, the observed anomaly is decidedly unsymmetrical, implying a non-uniform intensity of magnetization. This seems to be confirmed by the use of a three dimensional, model - assuming uniform magnetization - developed by Manik Talwani. Using the least squares best fit intensity of magnetization, a large discrepancy was found between the model and the observed anomaly. In light of the fact that the earth's magnetic field has reversed directions many times in its history, the above discrepancy may well be due to the fact that the lava flows of the seamount span at least one time boundary separating a normal and a reversed magnetic period. This is given some credence in that an age determination was made on one sample yielding an age of about 100,000 years, a normal period in the earth's magnetic history. This together with the fact that the magnetic anomaly over most of the seamount is negative yields the above conclusion. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Three four-station chains of Askania Variographs were operated for periods of two months during 1965 and 1966 in British Columbia, New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma to form two magnetic depth-sounding profiles, one in western Canada, and the other in the south western U.S.A. Records were also obtained from some I.G.Y. stations and permanent magnetic observatories in the vicinity of the U.S.A. profile. Analyses of the records show that the inland geomagnetic variation anomaly observed by Hyndman (1963) at Kootenay Lake, B.C. reappears to the north between Golden and Johnston Canyon and that the anomaly which Schmucker (p.964) observed between Las Cruces and Cornudas, N.M. reappears to the north between Sayre and Norman, Okla. Power spectral ratios of the form "high-I station / low-I station" suggest that the main features of the subsurface electrical conductivity structures under both the Canadian end the U.S.A. profiles are very similar. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate