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In the past studies covering 1965-90, it is observed that net migration was from villages and district centers towards province centers. Although the net migration trend throughout the period was almost constant for the villages and the province centers, the role of the district centers changed in later periods. Previously, the district centers were transient settlements in terms of net migration with resultant almost zero net migration. However, in later years, they began to have net out-migration in significantly increasing numbers, because net in-migration from the villages decreased and net out-migration to the province centers increased. The increase in the net migration from district centers to province centers and the gradual loss of the importance of the district centers (towns) occurred not only in Turkey but also in the other developing countries, especially in 1990&amp / #8217 / s. The aim of this thesis is to study the net migration trends and patterns of the three different settlement types namely, province centers, district centers and villages of Turkey during 1985-90. In this study, the descriptive analyses which were carried out on the net migration rates of the provinces and three settlement types clearly indicate the regional disparities between west-east and south-north of Turkey. For all of the three settlement types, the provinces having the highest net in-migration rates are located along the Western and Southern coastal zones whereas the provinces having the largest net out-migration rates are located in the East, North East and South East regions.

Today, it is a very crucial problem that many European countries are encountering demographic challenges stemming from the population decline and aging and according to many studies and future projections, this demographic trend will reach more critical levels for the next 50 years. The most prominent impact of this demographic situation will be on social security systems that the functioning and sustainability of pension and health care systems will be severely damaged with regard to the rapidly increasing number of elderly and the decline in number of young labor force resulting from the low births rates all over Europe. In this context, labor migration that received significant attention, has risen up to the agenda of Europe to serve as a policy option to mitigate the adverse consequences of demographic challenges. Taking its impetus from the mentioned demographic problem, this thesis aims to analyze the discussions over labor migration as a foreseen policy option to compensate the shortage of labor force in Europe. It also intents to bring relevant data and current debates together to generate a ground in order to open this critical issue to discussion and to elaborate the feasibility of labor migration need for Europe. In this regard, the thesis scrutinizes the reactions of European states regarding their reluctance to open their borders again for &ldquo / mass influx&rdquo / and examines briefly the other preferred and enforced policies that exclude migration option, such as aiming to increase fertility rates, ameliorate social security systems or encourage the native labor force participation. By taking all these into account, this thesis aspires to attract attention to this urgent problem and evaluates the labor migration need in Europe by presenting the relevant reactions and appraisals shaping the migration policies both at the nation state and EU level. Finally, this thesis attempts to contribute to the literature in terms of generating a base for further intensified discussions and studies which constitutes a significant need in the context of interaction between demography and migration in Europe.

In the era of globalisation, studies of migration focus on mobility, deterritorialised identities and diasporic forms of belonging across nation state boundaries. Indeed, uprootedness from the soil of home and place has resulted in a general condition of �homelessness� in late modernity, referred to as the diasporic condition. The search for an �absolute home� has become the Holy Grail for pilgrims in late modernity and forms the basis for this study, which explores the �migrant�s conundrum�: does home move where the migrant moves, or is it forever tied to the primordialism of place, soil and kinship? Through an examination of the construction of homeliness amongst an immigrant community of 500 households from the village of Hadchit, North Lebanon, who reside in Western Sydney, Australia it will be shown how their strategies of home-building depend upon the capacity to imagine themselves as being united by kinship, a shared village of origins and as part of the broader communal Maronite identity (Mwarne), which now transcends nation state boundaries. Patrilineage (bayt), village (day�aa) and sect (ta�eefa) have historically defined Lebanese sectarian identities and now, as this study shows, are deployed as a strategy of home-building and community construction in diaspora. However, capitalist social relations of production in Sydney have transformed bayt, day�aa and ta�eefa amongst the second generation through the gendered renegotiation of the marriage contract from relations of descent to relations of consent. Thus, the Hadchitis now face a crisis of (re)production and attribute this to the Australian state being hukum niswen, ruled by women, an inversion of the gendered order of power in Lebanon. Through pilgrimages to the ancestral village �migr�s seek a spiritual resolution to the contradictions of migration through the restoration of their connection to place, but find they cannot seamlessly belong in Hadchit. Meanwhile, multicultural crisis and a milieu of anti-Lebanese racism limit their claims to national belonging in Australia. This study finds that the contradictions of the migration process are unresolvable through physical mobility, because the feeling of �home� is ultimately an affective and social construction that transcends place. The elusive quality that defines home and provides a sense of unconditional belonging is, in fact, socially constructed by women, through their daily practices of care within the home and the most important woman for the construction of homeliness is the matriarch, sit el bayt � the power of the house. Thus, the place where the immigrant can be at home is metaphorically at their �mother�s table�. The shifting and gendered construction of home amongst the Hadchitis in Sydney has also led to a transformation of cultural identity amongst them. Through the process of migration, (re)production and return the Hadchitis have become Lebanese-Australians.

Abstract The nursing and midwifery workforce is becoming increasingly mobile and the globalisation of the midwifery workforce has been fuelled by the marketing strategies used by employers within Queensland to recruit midwives from overseas to fill vacancies within both the public and private sector. The United Kingdom has been specifically targeted, and the numbers of nurses and midwives moving to Queensland has more than doubled in five years and continues to rise. Little is known about the reasons why midwives are leaving the United Kingdom and what their experience is of working within midwifery in Queensland. This research was conducted within a phenomenological framework. A total of 18 midwives who had moved to Queensland within an eight year period were interviewed, who also completed a reflective journal about their motivations for moving, and subsequent experience of midwifery within Queensland. Data analysis was undertaken using an adaptation of the Van Kaam method of analysis of phenomenological data, as described by Moustakas. A Textural –Structural description of the meanings and essences of the experience incorporating the invariant constituents and themes was constructed for each participant. From the Textural –Structural Descriptions from all of the participants a composite description was constructed of the meanings and essences of the group experience. The reasons for leaving the United Kingdom were predominantly associated with an expectation of achieving an improved lifestyle for themselves and their families; and there was also a sense of seeking adventure. Participants also expressed dissatisfaction with life in the United Kingdom, which was particularly associated with work related issues such as bullying and harassment, increased workloads and burn out. Midwives reported choosing Queensland because of weather and lifestyle factors, but were also influenced by having friends, family or former colleagues already settled in the State. The main essences of the reported experience of working within the midwifery profession in Queensland included feelings of fear, frustration, shock and sadness. Despite the initial difficulties experienced in settling in to the midwifery profession, most midwives found a way to resume their midwifery career in Queensland by moving between jobs until they found one that enabled them to practise midwifery in a way they were comfortable with. Recommendations are made based on the findings to guide employers in their recruitment practices and assist with orientation of midwives recruited from the United Kingdom with a view to improved retention. In order to avoid the feelings of frustration and sadness described by the midwives in this study, employers should seek to match the skills of the midwives recruited to the positions available within the unit, and ensure systems are in place to facilitate recognition of prior learning and early credentialing to allow midwives to practise to their full scope and ability. In addition, in order to enable UK trained midwives to practise at their highest potential, supportive management structures should include access for migrant midwives to support in adjusting to midwifery practice differences between the UK and Queensland.

Some form of administrative review of executive action is accepted in the common law world for the reason that it serves certain basic values and goals. This study draws on political, legal and management theory in considering the values that underlie administrative review. It is primarily concerned with the role of tribunal review. A full range of values are considered, including fairness, justice, consistency, rationality, dignity, respect, accessibility, equity, efficiency and economy. Some are seen as fundamental to the administrative review system while others have different purposes. There is general agreement on many of the values and goals of administrative review. In their practical application however, values compete, overlap and evolve in accordance with economic, social, political and legal change. There are value tensions in, for instance, the role of independent tribunals as a check on the power of the executive while they are also within the executive, in the extent of the obligation on administrative tribunals to apply government policy and in the setting of proper limits of judicial review. There is continuing tension in demands for individual dignity and rights to fair treatment on the one hand and notions of the 'public interest' on the other. This thesis argues that the provision of tribunal review of administrative decisions is increasingly ideologically driven and focussed on 'functional' or 'management' values. At times these have trumped other values in decisions about entitlements to procedural fairness, access to review, effectiveness in public administration and the achievement of the 'correct and preferable' decision in the instant case. The focus of this thesis is a case study of migration decision-making. The importance of this area of study is evident in the potentially devastating consequences that migration decisions can have for individuals and families. In the context of Australia's history of inadequate and racially based migration policies, independent administrative review provides security against arbitrariness and discrimination in decision-making. An analysis of administrative review of decisions made under the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) by the Migration Review Tribunal, and its predecessor the Immigration Review Tribunal, illustrates the claim that values, in their application, have real, practical and local importance. Issues of tribunal independence and accountability, the normative goal of review and procedural justice are considered in depth. It is argued that where compromises are made in administrative review, underlying values should be revealed so that their practical consequences may be better understood. The need to articulate and analyze these issues has never been greater. The Australian administrative review system is in a period of change analogous to that of the introduction of the 'new' administrative law in the 1970s. If tribunals are to continue to play an effective role then it is important to think clearly about how they can, in practice, embody the right mix of administrative law values.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1975. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-173). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geographical and Environmental Studies, 1999? / Bibliography: leaves 340-374.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2006. / Title from title screen (viewed 30 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of Modern Greek, Faculty of Arts. Degree awarded 2006; thesis submitted 2005. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 229-264) Also available in print.