No / The results of computational fluid dynamics simulation for convective heat transfer of turbulent flow in a cooled convergent-divergent nozzle are reported. The importance of the heat transfer coefficient is to find the most suitable metals for the nozzle wall as well as its application for producing nano-particles. ansys-icem and ansys-cfx 13.0 are used to mesh and simulate fluid flow in the nozzle, respectively. Effects of grid resolution and different turbulence models on the heat transfer coefficient are investigated. Three turbulence models of k-omega, k-epsilon and shear stress transport are applied to calculate the heat transfer coefficient. Stagnation absolute pressure and temperature are 10.3 bara and 840 K, respectively, the same as those in the experimental work. The heat transfer coefficients obtained from simulation are compared with the available experimental data in literature to find out the best suitable mesh grid and the turbulence model. Under the selected operating conditions, k-epsilon and k-omega models have shown the best agreement with the experimental data with the average error of 6.5% and 10%, respectively, while shear stress transport under predicts the values with 16% error.

Steam turbines are widely used in various industrial applications, primarily for power extraction. However, deviation for operating design conditions is a frequent occurrence for such machines, and therefore, understanding their performance at off design conditions is critical to ensure that the needs of the power demanding systems are met as well as ensuring safe operation of the steam turbines. In this thesis, the aerodynamic performance of three different turbine airfoil sections ( baseline, mid radius and tip profile) as a function of angle of incidence and exit Mach numbers, is numerically computed at 0.3 axial chords downstream of the trailing edge. It was found that the average loss coefficient was low, owing to the fact that the flow over the airfoils was well behaved. The loss coefficient also showed a slight decrease with exit Mach number for all three profiles. The mid radius and tip profiles showed near identical performance due to similarity in their geometries. It was also found out that the baseline profile showed a trend of substantial increase in losses at positive incidences, due to the development of an adverse pressure zone on the blade suction side surface. The mid radius profile showed high insensitivity to angle of incidence as well as low exit flow angle deviation in comparison to the baseline blade. / Master of Science

Research has shown that mixing in cross-junctions in water distribution systems is far from perfect, and that the entering fluids bifurcate from each other rather than mix. The purpose of this thesis is to study the behaviour of two fluids entering a cross-junction in a water distribution system. In this context, experimental tests and numerical simulations are performed in order to produce and test the mixing at cross-junctions. This study focuses on cross-junctions with equal pipe diameters, with flows that can vary from laminar to turbulent. The fluids are pure water and tracer. Different tracer materials with various flow configurations were tested experimentally and numerically. Firstly, an experimental study of mixing in cross-junctions was performed at the TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Center) in Dresden. This experimental study pro-vides an overview of the parameters that can affect the mixing in cross-junctions, and is used to validate the numerical simulations. Different numerical approaches for modelling the mixing in cross-junctions are presented. The simulations use an existing commercial CFD code, ANSYS CFX 19.1, and are also extensively validated using experimental and numerical results from other researchers. In ANSYS CFX there are several models that can be used to simulate the mixing of two fluids. In this study both fluids are considered to be isothermal incompressible and without phase change. Two mixing models are tested: the additional variable model and the multi-component model. The three-dimensional models use RANS turbulence models and LES simulations. The parameters of the numerical setup were investigated carefully in order to study their effect on the results. Furthermore, the effect of changing the turbulent Schmidt number in the RANS simulations was extensively studied, and the results are compared with the experimental results. The accuracy of using Large eddy simulation to simulate mixing in cross junction is also tested, taking into consideration the required mesh resolution and the turbulence in the initial bound-ary conditions. This work presents an applicable numerical approach to simulate the fluid behaviours in cross-junctions. Using this approach, the effect of different parameters is tested, such as: Reynolds number, pipe diameter, mixing time, diffusivity and density difference. The results produced using the numerical approach revealed that one of the main parameters that affect the mixing is the density difference. It has a great effect on the outgoing concentration in cross-junctions, and the mixing behaviour changes when the tracer material and the flow regime are changed. The used approach will help to investigate the effect of various flow parameters on the mixing in cross-junctions. Based on the data set of this study, an empirical conceptual model for mixing in cross-junction is also presented using multiple regression, and there is potential for this model to be further developed in combination with experimental and numerical studies.:Abstract Kurzfassung Nomenclature List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction and Literature Review 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Literature Review 1.2.1 Transport in water distribution system 1.2.2 Mixing in pipe junctions 1.3 Research problems 1.4 Research methodology and objectives 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Basic equations and terms in pipe hydraulic 2.1.1 Conservation of mass (the equation of continuity) 2.1.2 Conservation of momentum (the Navier-Stokes equations) 2.1.3 Contaminant transport (transport equation) 2.1.4 Reynolds number 2.1.5 Flow development in pipes 2.1.6 Velocity distribution in pipe flows 2.1.7 Definition of concentration and mass fraction 2.1.8 Viscosity 2.2 Turbulence and modeling 2.2.1 Spatial discretization methods 2.2.2 Turbulence models 2.2.3 Direct numerical simulation (DNS) 2.2.4 Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS) 2.2.5 Large eddy simulation 2.3 Modeling of mixing in ANSYS CFX 2.3.1 Additional variable 2.3.2 Multi-component flow model 2.3.3 Two-phase flow model 2.4 Mixing in cross-junctions (available models) 2.4.1 Complete mixing model 2.4.2 Bulk advective mixing model (BAM) 2.4.3 BAM-Wrap mixing model 2.4.4 Shao mixing model 3 Experimental Study 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Description of the model network 3.3 Results and discussion 3.3.1 Turbulent flow experiments 3.3.2 Laminar flow experiments 3.3.3 The interpolation of the experimental results 3.4 Conclusion 4 3D Numerical Study using ANSYS CFX 4.1 Introduction to ANSYS CFX 4.1.1 Model setup in ANSYS CFX 4.1.2 Modeling of mixing in cross-junctions 4.2 Additional variable model 4.2.1 Application of Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes simulation 4.2.2 Sensitivity analysis of URANS simulations 4.2.3 Application of the large eddy simulation 4.2.4 Summary 4.3 Multi-component flow model 4.3.1 Setup of the multi-component simulation model 4.3.2 Results and discussion 4.4 Summary 5 Mixing Model for Cross junction 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Parameter sensitivity Analysis 5.2.1 The influence of changing the Reynolds number 5.2.2 The influence of changing the pipe diameter 5.2.3 The influence of the inflow and outflow ratios 5.2.4 The influence of changing the tracer properties 5.2.5 The influence of the pipe roughness 5.3 Conceptual model for mixing in cross junction 6 Summary 7 Outlook References APPENDIX A APPENDIX B / Frühere Forschungsergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass das Vermischen von gelösten Substanzen in Rohrkreuzen in Wasserversorgungssystemen alles andere als perfekt ist und wenn zwei Flüssigleiten in einem Rohrkreuz eintreten, trennen sie sich eher voneinander anstatt sich zu vermischen. Das Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit ist es, das Verhalten von zwei Flüssigkeiten in einem Rohrkreuz zu untersuchen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden experimentelle Unter-suchungen und numerische Strömungssimulationen durchgeführt, um das Vermischen an Kreuzungspunkten in Wasserversorgungssystemen zu untersuchen. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf Rohrkreuzen mit gleichen Rohrdurchmessern in Strömungen, die von laminar bis turbulent variieren können. Verschiedene Eigenschaften der Flüssigkeiten mit verschiedenen Strömungskonfigurationen wurden experimentell und numerisch getestet. Zunächst wurden im TZW (DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser) die experimentellen Untersuchungen zum Mi-schen in Rohrkreuzungen durchgeführt. Die durchgeführten experimentellen Untersuchungen bieten einen Überblick über die Parameter, die das Mischverhältnis in Kreuzungspunkten be-einflussen können, und werden zur Validierung der numerischen Simulationen verwendet. Verschiedene numerische Ansätze zur Modellierung des Vermischens in Rohrkreuzen werden vorgestellt. Die 3D-numerische Strömungssimulationen verwenden einen vorhandenen kommerziellen CFD-Code, ANSYS CFX 19.1, und werden auch anhand experimenteller und numerischer Ergebnisse anderer Forscher umfassend validiert. In ANSYS CFX gibt es mehre-re Modelle, mit denen das Vermischen von Flüssigkeiten simuliert werden kann. In dieser Arbeit werden beide Flüssigkeiten als isotherm, inkompressibel und ohne Phasenwechsel betrachtet. Es werden zwei Mischmodelle getestet: das Additional Variable Model und das Multi-component Model. Die 3D -Strömungsmodelle verwenden RANS-Turbulenzmodelle und LES-Simulationen. Die Parameter des numerischen Aufbaus wurden sorgfältig untersucht, um ihre Auswirkung auf die Ergebnisse zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus wurde der Einfluss der Änderung der turbulenten Schmidt-Zahl in den RANS-Simulationen ausführlich untersucht und die Ergebnisse mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen verglichen. Die Genauigkeit der Ver-wendung einer Large-Eddy-Simulation zur Simulation des Vermischens in Rohrkreuz wird ebenfalls getestet, wobei die erforderliche Netzauflösung und die Turbulenzen in den An-fangs- und Randbedingungen berücksichtigt werden. Diese Arbeit präsentiert einen anwend-baren numerischen Ansatz zur Simulation des Fließverhaltens in Rohrkreuzen. Mit diesem Ansatz wird die Wirkung verschiedener Parameter getestet, z. B.: Reynolds-Zahl, Rohrdurch-messer, Vermischungszeit, Diffusivität und Dichteunterschied. Die mit den numerischen Mo-dellen erzielten Ergebnisse zeigten, dass einer der Hauptparameter, die das Vermischen in Rohrkreuzen beeinflussen, der Dichteunterschied ist, welcher einen großen Einfluss auf die ausgehende Konzentration in Kreuzungen hat. Der verwendete numerische Ansatz wird dazu beitragen, die Auswirkung verschiedener Strömungsparameter auf das Vermischen in Rohr-kreuzen zu untersuchen. Basierend auf dem Datensatz dieser Studie wird auch ein empiri-sches konzeptionelles Modell für das Vermischen in Rohrkreuz unter Verwendung multipler Regression vorgestellt. Dieses Modell kann in Kombination mit experimentellen und numeri-schen Studien weiterentwickelt werden.:Abstract Kurzfassung Nomenclature List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction and Literature Review 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Literature Review 1.2.1 Transport in water distribution system 1.2.2 Mixing in pipe junctions 1.3 Research problems 1.4 Research methodology and objectives 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Basic equations and terms in pipe hydraulic 2.1.1 Conservation of mass (the equation of continuity) 2.1.2 Conservation of momentum (the Navier-Stokes equations) 2.1.3 Contaminant transport (transport equation) 2.1.4 Reynolds number 2.1.5 Flow development in pipes 2.1.6 Velocity distribution in pipe flows 2.1.7 Definition of concentration and mass fraction 2.1.8 Viscosity 2.2 Turbulence and modeling 2.2.1 Spatial discretization methods 2.2.2 Turbulence models 2.2.3 Direct numerical simulation (DNS) 2.2.4 Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS) 2.2.5 Large eddy simulation 2.3 Modeling of mixing in ANSYS CFX 2.3.1 Additional variable 2.3.2 Multi-component flow model 2.3.3 Two-phase flow model 2.4 Mixing in cross-junctions (available models) 2.4.1 Complete mixing model 2.4.2 Bulk advective mixing model (BAM) 2.4.3 BAM-Wrap mixing model 2.4.4 Shao mixing model 3 Experimental Study 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Description of the model network 3.3 Results and discussion 3.3.1 Turbulent flow experiments 3.3.2 Laminar flow experiments 3.3.3 The interpolation of the experimental results 3.4 Conclusion 4 3D Numerical Study using ANSYS CFX 4.1 Introduction to ANSYS CFX 4.1.1 Model setup in ANSYS CFX 4.1.2 Modeling of mixing in cross-junctions 4.2 Additional variable model 4.2.1 Application of Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes simulation 4.2.2 Sensitivity analysis of URANS simulations 4.2.3 Application of the large eddy simulation 4.2.4 Summary 4.3 Multi-component flow model 4.3.1 Setup of the multi-component simulation model 4.3.2 Results and discussion 4.4 Summary 5 Mixing Model for Cross junction 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Parameter sensitivity Analysis 5.2.1 The influence of changing the Reynolds number 5.2.2 The influence of changing the pipe diameter 5.2.3 The influence of the inflow and outflow ratios 5.2.4 The influence of changing the tracer properties 5.2.5 The influence of the pipe roughness 5.3 Conceptual model for mixing in cross junction 6 Summary 7 Outlook References APPENDIX A APPENDIX B

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. / Ever-increasing demands for accuracy and range in modern warfare have expedited the optimization of projectile design. The crux of projectile design lies in the understanding of its aerodynamic properties early in the design phase. This research first investigated the aerodynamic properties of a standard M549, 155mm projectile. The transonic speed region was the focus of the research as significant aerodynamic variation occurs within this particular region. Aerodynamic data from wind tunnel and range testing was benchmarked against modern aerodynamic prediction programs like ANSYS CFX and Aero-Prediction 09 (AP09). Next, a comparison was made between two types of angle of attack generation methods in ANSYS CFX. The research then focused on controlled tilting of the projectile’s nose to investigate the resulting aerodynamic effects. ANSYS CFX was found to provide better agreement with the experimental data than AP09.

Material properties are very important to model correctly when calculating solutions for multiphase flows with non-Newtonian fluids. The models can make the solution converge or diverge depending on how it is chosen. This paper mainly focuses of the applicability of solid pressure and viscosity models in Ansys CFX. The main goal is to create a list of criterions that material properties must fullfill to ensure that the solution converges. Furthermore a test environment in MATLAB was made that verifies if the models satisfies the list of criterions. It was found that as long as the material properties has continous derivatives without removable singularities and are non imaginary on their domain they are applicable in Ansys CFX. It was also found that if there was a discontinuity in their domain the discontinuity could be moved outside of the domain using an assymetric model for the volume fraction.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-03-12T15:40:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELA PASSOS SIMÕES DE ALMEIDA TAVARES - TESE PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 15494076 bytes, checksum: 86040371b4c9f0e560658409f7d3b95d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T15:40:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELA PASSOS SIMÕES DE ALMEIDA TAVARES - TESE PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 15494076 bytes, checksum: 86040371b4c9f0e560658409f7d3b95d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-18 / Capes / O vazamento de fluidos tóxicos em tubulações submarinas devido à corrosão, erosão ou falhas na estrutura, geralmente conduzem a danos extensivos à vida marinha, saúde humana e recursos naturais. Quando um vazamento acidental ocorre, uma resposta rápida e adequada é necessária para reduzir as consequências ambientais. Logo, compreender, por exemplo, o comportamento da pluma de óleo vazado possibilita a determinação do percurso da pluma de óleo e a dispersão da mesma na correnteza marítima e, assim, propor técnicas e/ou tecnologias para eliminar ou minimizar os danos causados pelo vazamento. Neste sentido, foi realizado um estudo do comportamento da pluma e sua dispersão, adotando-se uma abordagem Euleriana-Euleriana. Foi utilizado um modelo matemático representativo da fluidodinâmica de uma pluma de óleo originada do vazamento em um riser tipo catenária. Adotou-se um escoamento bifásico (Modelo de Superfície Livre), isotérmico e turbulento (modelo k-ε padrão) para se resolver as equações de conservação de massa e momento linear utilizando ANSYS CFX® v.15. Os resultados dos campos de pressão, velocidade e fração volumétrica, além dos perfis de fração volumétrica possibilitaram a avaliação do comportamento da pluma e de sua dispersão no mar. Observou-se que a pluma atingiu a superfície marítima quando adotado altas velocidades de vazamento de óleo e baixas velocidades da correnteza marítima. Para os casos em que a densidade do óleo é maior, houve espalhamento lateral subsuperfície. Para os casos com maior velocidade do jato de óleo e menor velocidade da água do mar, na chegada do óleo à superfície observou-se que houve espalhamento horizontal a montante e a jusante do sentido de escoamento. A depender das condições de velocidade de vazamento, da correnteza marítima e da diferença de densidade percebeu-se uma tendência da pluma não atingir a superfície marítima. / The leak of toxic fluids in submarine pipes due to corrosion, erosion or failures in the structure, generally lead to extensive damage to marine life, human health and natural resources. When occurs an accidental leak, a quick and adequate response is needed to reduce the environmental consequences. Therefore, understand, for example, the behavior of leaked oil plume enables the determination of the oil plume path and the dispersion of the same in the sea current and like this propose techniques and/or technologies to eliminate or minimize the damage caused by the leak. In this sense, it was proposed a study of the behavior of plume and its dispersion, adopting an EulerianEulerian approach. It was used a representative mathematical model of the fluid dynamics of an oil plume originated from leak at riser in catenary format. It was adopted a two-phase flow (Free Surface Model), isothermal and turbulent (k-ε standard model) to solve the mass and momentum conservation equations using ANSYS CFX® v.15. The results of the pressure, velocity and volumetric fraction fields, and the volumetric fraction profiles allowed the plume behavior assessment and dispersal at sea. Also it was observed that the plume reaches the sea surface when adopted high velocities of oil leak and low velocities of sea current. For the cases in which the oil density is higher, there was lateral subsurface scattering. For the cases with higher velocity of the oil jet and lower velocity of the sea water, in the arrival of the oil to the surface it was observed that there was horizontal scattering upstream and downstream of the direction of flow. Moreover, depending on conditions of the leak velocity, of the sea current and of the density difference was noticed a tendency of the plume not reach the sea surface.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-03-14T22:16:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HELTON GOMES ALVES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2017..pdf: 6048381 bytes, checksum: 85c4b2fa7101540817c1a7f535cd9477 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-14T22:16:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HELTON GOMES ALVES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2017..pdf: 6048381 bytes, checksum: 85c4b2fa7101540817c1a7f535cd9477 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-01 / Capes / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo dar uma contribuição na compreensão dos fenômenos envolvidos na recuperação de óleos com diferentes viscosidades através de poços produtores horizontais na presença e ausência de uma falha geológica via injeção de água. Para resolver as equações de conservação de massa e momento linear generalizadas a Lei de Darcy, foi utilizado o Ansys CFX 15.1 adotando o modelo de mistura de fluidos contínuos (água/óleo) em fluxo transiente e regime laminar. Mediante teste de malha, realizado segundo o princípio da superposição das curvas de perfil de fração volumétrica e velocidade superficial média da água, foi escolhido a malha estruturada com 603588 elementos hexaédricos por apresentar menor esforço computacional. Entretanto, através da comparação da recuperação de óleo com diferentes viscosidades foi possível constatar que a recuperação do óleo menos viscoso se apresentou mais eficiente. Contudo, segundo a análise da influência da altura do poço injetor, a configuração que apresentou uma maior área de varrido foi com a maior área de injeção. E através das distribuições em diferentes posições longitudinais de fração volumétrica de água, gradientes de pressão, velocidade superficial da água e do óleo, foi possível perceber a presença da falha geológica no reservatório, bem como a influência da variação da sua permeabilidade. / The present work aims to contribute to the understanding of the involved phenomena in the recovery of oils with different viscosities through horizontal wells in the presence and absence of a geological fault via water injection. In order to solve the mass conservation and generalized linear momentum equations of Darcy's law, Ansys CFX 15.1 has been used and it was supported by the continuous fluids mixture model (water/oil) in transient flow and laminar regime. Through mesh test, which was performed according to the principle of superposition of the volumetric fraction profile and the average surface velocity of the water, a structured mesh with 603588 hexahedral elements was chosen because of the lower computational effort. However, by comparing the recovery of oil with different viscosities, it was possible to verify that the recovery of less viscous oil was more efficient. In addition, according to the analysis of the influence of the height of the injector well, the configuration that presented a larger awept área was the one with a greater area of injection. Thus, through the distributions in different longitudinal positions of volumetric fraction of the water, pressure gradients, surface velocity of the water and the oil, it was possible to realize the presence of the geological fault in the reservoir, as well as the influence of the variation of its permeability.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-03-16T19:29:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AKLEINO SILVESTRE DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 6288381 bytes, checksum: f65c5bdc20bfda0cdb5930837d5d1894 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T19:29:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AKLEINO SILVESTRE DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 6288381 bytes, checksum: f65c5bdc20bfda0cdb5930837d5d1894 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-29 / O consumo de água doce vem crescendo muito no mundo inteiro e sua possível escassez tornou-se um dos temas mais discutidos na atualidade. Com isso há necessidade de desenvolver novas estratégias para suprir a falta de água potável. Dentre elas, destacam-se a dessalinização. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar um ciclone convencional utilizado para dessalinização da água salgada com adição de cinco bicos injetores, localizados na parte superior do mesmo. O modelo matemático adotado considera escoamento tridimensional, turbulento, estacionário e não isotérmico para a fase gasosa, e a aplicação do modelo Lagrangeano para as partículas. As equações de conservação da massa, de momento linear, de energia e as do modelo de turbulência SST , bem como as equações constitutivas e as condições de contorno foram resolvidas com auxílio do software comercial Ansys CFX. São apresentados os resultados dos campos de pressão, temperatura, velocidade e fração mássica, linhas de fluxo, trajetórias das partículas, perfis de velocidade, de pressão total e de temperatura total no interior do separador ciclônico térmico. Constatouse o caráter tridimensional do escoamento gás-partícula no interior do ciclone com presenças de regiões de zonas de recirculação e de inversão de fluxo. Os resultados mostraram que a variação das temperaturas na alimentação, tanto do ar como da água, influência na geração de vapor no interior do separador ciclônico. Porém é preciso um estudo cauteloso, como por exemplo, avaliar a influência do comprimento da parte cônica, tanto na fluidodinâmica quanto na cinética, para tentar aumentar o tempo de residência das partículas e com isso contribuir para o aquecimento da partícula. / The consumption of fresh water has been increasing worldwide and its possible shortage has become one of the most discussed topics today. With this, there is a need to develop new strategies to address the lack of potable water. Among them, desalination. In this sense, the present work aims to evaluate a conventional cyclone used for the desalination of salt water with the addition of five injector nozzles, located in the upper part of the same. The mathematical model adopted considers three-dimensional, turbulent, stationary and nonisothermal flow for the gas phase, and the application of the Lagrangian model to the particles. The equations of conservation of mass, linear momentum, energy and those of the SST w turbulence model, as well as the constitutive equations and the boundary conditions were solved with the commercial software Ansys CFX. The results of the fields of pressure, temperature, velocity and mass fraction, flow lines, particle trajectories, velocity profiles, total pressure and total temperature inside the thermal cyclone separator are presented. It was noted three-dimensional character of the gas-particle flow within the cyclone presence regions with recirculation zones and reverse flow. The results showed that the temperature variation in both air and water influences the generation of steam inside the cyclonic separator. However, a cautious study is required, for example, to evaluate the influence of the length of the conic part, both in fluid dynamics and kinetics, to try to increase the residence time of the particles and thereby contribute to the heating of the particle.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-05T19:00:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EVALDO MARCOS ASCENDINO PEREIRA – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 8939459 bytes, checksum: e1aafd638233894a238ae405231508a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T19:00:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EVALDO MARCOS ASCENDINO PEREIRA – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 8939459 bytes, checksum: e1aafd638233894a238ae405231508a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-29 / CNPq / Subprodutos à base de óleo de rícino são utilizados na fabricação de vários produtos de base comercialmente importantes, tais como: surfactantes, lubrificantes, tintas, produtos farmacêuticos, cosméticos, poliésteres, polímeros, etc. A mamona tem na sua composição aproximadamente 50% de óleo, com especiais características, tais como elevada viscosidade, estabilidade ao calor e pressão, baixo ponto de congelamento e habilidade para formar substâncias cerosas após tratamentos químicos. A mamona é um candidato potencial para a produção de biodiesel; No entanto, este produto deve ser seco, a fim de reduzir o teor de umidade (10%), para o armazenamento seguro. A secagem é uma operação complexa, que envolve a transferência transiente de calor e de massa, que provoca transformações físicas e químicas do produto, o qual, por sua vez, pode causar alterações na qualidade do mesmo, bem como nos mecanismos de transferência de calor e de massa . Este trabalho apresenta um estudo experimental e numérico da secagem de frutos de mamona (Ricinus communis L., variedade "BRSEnergia"). Um modelo matemático tridimensional transiente é apresentado para predizer a transferência de massa e calor e simular a distribuição do teor de umidade e temperatura no interior do sólido, considerando as propriedades termofí sicas constantes, utilizando-se o software ANSYS CFX®. Para a validação da metodologia numérica foram realizados experimentos de secagem com frutos de mam ona da variedade BRS Energia. Nos experimentos, foram usadas temperaturas de secagem de 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 e 100 ºC. Os dados experimentais de secagem foram ajustados ao modelo matemático empírico de Page, apresentando para todos os tratamentos coeficientes de determinação (R2) superiores a 99,60% e valores de desvio-padrão da estimativa (SE) inferiores a 0,0165. As cinéticas de secagem de teor de umidade e temperatura obtidos por meio do CFX® foram comparados com as cinéticas experimentais de secagem e uma boa aproximação foram obtidas. Coeficientes de massa difusivo foram obtidos para diferentes condições de secagem. Verificou-se que os coeficientes de transporte de massa difusivo tendem a aumentar com o aumento da temperatura do ar de secagem. / Castor oil-based by-products are used in the manufacture of several commercially important commodities like surfactants, coatings, greases, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, polyesters, polymers, etc . The castor bean has in the compositions approximately 50% oil, with special characteristics such as high viscosity, heat and pressure stability, low freezing point and ability to form waxy substances after chemical treatments. The castor bean is a potential candidate for the production of biodiesel; However, this product must be dried, in order, to reduce moisture content (10%), for safe storage. Drying is a complex operation involving transient transfer of heat and mass that provokes physical and chemical transformations in the product, which, in turn, may cause changes in the quality thereof, as well as the mechanisms of heat and mass transfer. This work presents an experimental and numerical study of castor bean fruits drying (Ricinus communis L., variety "BRS Energia"). A three-dimensional transient mathematical model is presented to predict the heat and mass transfer and to simulate the distribution of temperature and moisture content inside the solid, considering the constant thermophysical properties, using ANSYS CFX® software. For validation of the numerical methodology were performed drying experiments with castor bean fruits of the variety BRS Energy. In the experiments, were used drying temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100ºC. The experimental data of drying were adjusted to the empirical mathematical model of Page, presenting for all treatments, coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 99.60% and standard deviation values of the estimate (SE) lower than 0.0165. The drying kinetics of temperature and moisture content obtained by CFX® were compared with the experimental drying kinetics and a good approximation has been obtained. Diffusive mass coefficients were obtained for different drying conditions. It was found that the diffusive mass transport coefficients tend to increase with increasing drying air temperature.

Este trabalho visa estudar o fluxo de um fluido em um meio poroso (fibroso) durante o processo de Moldagem por Transferência de Resina (RTM) utilizando e comparando dois softwares comerciais: o ANSYS CFX, software de simulação numérica CFD não-dedicado a RTM, e o PAM-RTM, software de simulação numérica dedicado a esta aplicação. Foram utilizados dados experimentais, empregando uma pré-forma de tecido (0/90) de fibra de vidro e que foi impregnada por um óleo vegetal em injeção radial de RTM. Diversos experimentos foram realizados variando-se a pressão de injeção e o teor volumétrico de fibras a fim de observar o efeito no comportamento do fluxo. Com estes dados, alimentou-se o ANSYS CFX e o PAM-RTM utilizando equações dos meios porosos conhecidas, e foram feitas análises numéricas de todos os casos experimentais. Resultados de permeabilidade, viscosidade do fluido, tempo de preenchimento do molde, campo de pressão, variação da fração volumétrica das fases presentes e vetor velocidade de fluxo são apresentados e analisados. Concluiu-se que há uma sólida relação entre o experimental e o simulado (erros inferiores a 10%), o software PAM-RTM possui menor erro do que o ANSYS CFX quando comparados aos resultados experimentais, mas este último apresenta maior versatilidade de análises. / This work aims to study the flow of fluid through a porous (fibrous) media that occurs during Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) of composite materials and to compare it with the numerical results obtained with two commercial simulation software, ANSYS CFX, a general-use CFD package, and PAM-RTM, which is dedicated to RTM modeling. Experimental data were produced using a glass-fiber cloth (0/90) perform, which was impregnated with a vegetable oil in an RTM radial infiltration. Several experiments were performed varying injection pressure and fiber volume content in order to observe their effect on the flow behavior. These data were input into ANSYS CFX and PAM-RTM using known porous media equations and they were used to model all experiments. Results of permeability, fluid viscosity, mold filling time, pressure field, variation of volume fraction of the phases and the flow velocity vector are presented and analyzed. An excellent correlation between experimental and simulated results was found (errors less than 10%), and PAM-RTM yielded smaller error than ANSYS CFX, but the latter allows greater flexibility.