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This practicum examines the challenges encountered during the development process of slow growth cities. Specific consideration is given to the social realm and the challenges of encouraging socially sustainable development within the slow growth context. A comparative approach to the research was taken. Two case studies were examined. The first study examined the development process of the City of Vancouver. Specific consideration was given to the policies, processes and techniques used in Vancouver to encourage social sustainability. The second study examined the City of Winnipeg. The City of Winnipeg was the focus of the practicum. Lessons from the City of Vancouver were extracted and compared to the City of Winnipeg experience. The end result was a series of recommendations of how the City of Winnipeg could more successfully encourage social sustainability through development.

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Intact or decapitated Pisum sativum seedlings were used to investigate the correlative inhibition of lateral buds by the shoot apex - a developmental process known as apical dominance. Apical dominance is considered to be regulated by the relative ratios of growth regulators, especially auxin and cytokinin, and resource availability in the plant. This study considered the role of cytokinins in the regulation of correlative inhibition, and was closely linked to theoretical models of auxin and nutrient gradients in the whole plant. Firstly, the response of all lateral buds on the plant to decapitation of the shoot apex, and the subsequent growth of these buds, was documented. The pattern of lateral bud branching following decapitation, noted to change with increasing age of the plant, was found to be consistent with the view that apically synthesized auxin, moving basipetally, exerts an inhibitory influence on lateral bud growth. Removal of selected lateral buds on decapitated plants which left various combinations of buds to compete indicated that correlation between lateral buds on the same plant was likely an important factor controlling the patterns of lateral bud branching. Secondly, a quantitative study of the biological responses which result from the application of a cytokinin to a lateral bud were performed. The different abilities of ten cytokinins tested to release lateral buds from dominance paralleled their activity in a soybean callus bioassay, and were likely a result of the intrinsic activities of the cytokinins due to their structure and their subsequent rr.etabolism in the plant following application. A consistent feature of these experiments was the low biological activity of isopentenyladenine in relation to the high activity of zeatin. Further investigation of the role of isopentenyladenine and zeatin in apical dominance control indicated that lateral buds differed in their sensitivity to these two cytokinins. On decapitated plants, lateral buds were more able to utilize applied isopentenyladenine, and high zeatin concentrations were no longer supraoptimal for growth. Finally, the metabolism of [³H] isopentenyladenine in the intact plant or in isolated explants was investigated in an attempt to relate the biosynthesis, transport, interconversion and degradation of cytokinins to the developmental process of apical dominance. Comparison of the uptake and metabolism of [³H] isopentenyladenine by isolated organs of Pisum sativum indicated that the roots, leaves and stems, but not isolated lateral buds had the capacity to metabolise [³H] isopentenyladenine to zeatin metabolites. This metabolite activity was very notable in the stem, where it occurred as a gradient and was related to the age of the plant. Auxin was considered to be the factor controlling this distribution of cytokinin metabolic activity in the stem since parallel gradients had been noted in the patterns of lateral bud branching and the response of buds to cytokinin application. Indeed, it was shown that indole-3-acetic acid affected the metabolism of [³H] isopentenyladenine in isolated stem sections. These results are discussed in relation to the control of lateral bud growth via the auxin mediated distribution and metabolism of root produced cytokinins in the shoot system, necessary for the release of apical dominance. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1988.

This practicum examines the challenges encountered during the development process of slow growth cities. Specific consideration is given to the social realm and the challenges of encouraging socially sustainable development within the slow growth context. A comparative approach to the research was taken. Two case studies were examined. The first study examined the development process of the City of Vancouver. Specific consideration was given to the policies, processes and techniques used in Vancouver to encourage social sustainability. The second study examined the City of Winnipeg. The City of Winnipeg was the focus of the practicum. Lessons from the City of Vancouver were extracted and compared to the City of Winnipeg experience. The end result was a series of recommendations of how the City of Winnipeg could more successfully encourage social sustainability through development.

The importance of small firms in a country’s development cannot be over-emphasized. In particular, it is important for them to grow in order to sustain their contributions to a country’s economy. Studies have shown how firms achieve growth using the traditional model of decision making (causation) in which planning, market research and forecasting are used to gain relevant information about the firm’s market/industry. This planning enables the firms to compete favourably with other existing firms in the market. Effectuation as an alternative theory involves decision-making processes under conditions of uncertainty where there is no adequate knowledge of the market due to its latent and emerging nature. Effectuation has been used to examine various concepts in entrepreneurship, but there has been no real effort to apply it to the growth of small knowledge-intensive firms (SKIFs). This study, based on in-depth interviews with six SKIFs, highlights how effectuation can be applied to the growth of SKIFs and it examines how the four underlying principles of contingencies, affordable loss, strategic relationships and adaptation contribute to SKIF growth. In addition, elements of causation are also shown to be relevant, leading to the conclusion that the two models can be used jointly to achieve growth of SKIFs.

Growing pains has been reported in the medical literature since 1823 with frequent, subsequent and ongoing inclusion ever since. Suffering from ill definition, unknown aetiology and being the subject of many poorly conducted studies, growing pains has endured the gamut of being associated with endocarditis to being dismissed as nebulous and even mythical. Management of this condition, which has been reported to occupy 1-2 % of visits to health professionals, is ad hoc and limited and best evidence not usually implemented. / Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2005

Growing pains has been reported in the medical literature since 1823 with frequent, subsequent and ongoing inclusion ever since. Suffering from ill definition, unknown aetiology and being the subject of many poorly conducted studies, growing pains has endured the gamut of being associated with endocarditis to being dismissed as nebulous and even mythical. Management of this condition, which has been reported to occupy 1-2 % of visits to health professionals, is ad hoc and limited and best evidence not usually implemented. / Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2005