Orientador: Ricardo Magnus Osorio Galvão / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-16T16:34:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santiago_MarcosAntonioMatos_D.pdf: 2070143 bytes, checksum: f03fa5c1f42a5d28d3d390eac292aba7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1982 / Resumo: Estudamos modos resistivos na configuração de campo reverso incluindo o efeito da rotação da coluna de plasma a qual quebra-se em um número discreto de anéis ao longo de seu comprimento. É mostrado que o modo m = 0, onde m é o número azimutal, se reduz ao modo "tearing" usual somente no limite de rotação nula do plasma. Para um valor finito da rotação, o modo m = 0 torna-se compressivel, com sua taxa de crescimento proporcional à potência 1/3 da resistividade do plasma. A análise feita é análoga à do modo gravitacional resistivo em uma "fatia de plasma". Um modo resistivo m = 1 é mostrado existir nesta configuração sem cizalhamento. Este modo tem um perfil radial quase constante desde o eixo magnético até, o raio onde o campo magnético se anula. Sua taxa de crescimento varia com a potência 1/3 da resistividade do plasma e os correspondentes deslocamentos perturbados paralelos às linhas de campo são muito maiores que os perpendiculares na região resistiva. Este modo pode levar ao rompimento da coluna de plasma em muitos anéis e ser o mecanismo responsável pela instabilidade rotacional m = 1 que é observada em descargas em q-pinches. É mostrado que com cizalhamento na rotação a taxa de crescimento torna-se complexa e o modo pode ser estabilizado / Abstract: Resistive modes are studied in the reversed - field configuration including the effect of the rotation of the plasma column which breaks into a number of discrete rings along its length. It is shown that the mode m = 0, where m is the azimuthal mode number, reduces to the usual tearing mode only in the limit of vanishing plasma rotation. For a finite value of rotation, the mode = 0 mode becomes compressional with its growth rate proportional to the 1/3 power of the plasma resistivity. The analysis made is analogous to the gravitational resistive mode in a "slab plasma". A resistive m = 1 mode is shown to exist in the present configuration whithout shear. The mode has an almost constant radial profile from the magnetic axis to the radius where the magnetic field vanishes. Its growth rate scale with the 1/3 power of the plasma resistivity and the corresponding perturbed displacement parallel to the field lines is much larger than the perpendicular on in the resistive region. This mode may lead to the splitting of the plasma column into many rings and may also be a triggering mechanism for the rotational m = 1 instability that is observed in q-pinch discharges. It is shown that in the presence of sheared rotation, the growth rate becomes complex and the mode may be stabilized. / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Plasma railguns are electromagnetic accelerators used to produce controlled high velocity plasma jets. This thesis discusses the design and characterization of a small coaxial plasma railgun intended to accelerate argon-helium plasma jets. The railgun will be used for the study of plasma shocks in jet collisions. The railgun is mounted on a KF-40 vacuum port and operated using a 90 kA, 11 kV LC pulse forming network. Existing knowledge of coaxial railgun plasma instabilities and material interactions at vacuum and plasma interfaces are applied to the design. The design of individual gun components is detailed. Jet velocity and density are characterized by analyzing diagnostic data collected from a Rogowski coil, interferometer, and photodiode. Peak line-integrated electron number densities of approximately 8 × 10¹⁵ cm^-2 and jet velocities of tens of km/s are inferred from the data recorded from ten experimental pulses. / Master of Science / Plasma is a gaseous state of matter which is electrically conductive and interacts with electric and magnetic fields. Plasmas are used in many everyday objects such as fluorescent lights, but some of the physics of plasmas are still not entirely understood. One set of plasma interactions that have not been fully explored are those which occur during high-velocity collisions between plasmas. Experiments aimed to further the understanding of these interactions require the generation of plasmas with specified properties at very high velocities. A device known as a plasma railgun can be used to produce plasmas which meet these experimental demands. In a plasma railgun, a short pulse of current is passed through a plasma located between two parallel electrodes, or "rails". This current generates a magnetic field which propels the plasma forward. The plasma is accelerated until it leaves the muzzle of the railgun. In coaxial plasma railguns, the electrodes are concentric. This paper discusses the design and testing of a small, relatively low power coaxial plasma railgun. Specific elements of the design are examined and the inherent physical and material difficulties of a coaxial design are explored. The experiment which was performed to confirm the properties of the plasma jets produced by the coaxial plasma railgun is explained. The results of this experiment confirm that the design succeeds in producing plasmas which meet targets for plasma properties.

<p> High-energy electron beams, with electron kinetic energies (&sim;1 MeV) much greater than the surrounding plasma temperature (&lt;1 keV), are a common feature in Z-pinch pulsed power experiments. Their existence is indicated by non-thermal spectral signatures, such as high-energy Bremsstrahlung photons from the anode hardware and characteristic X-ray emission not representative of the pinch "hot-spot" temperatures. Despite their regular occurrence, the properties of these beams (kinetic energy, current) are not well known.</p><p> This dissertation describes an experimental study of X-pinch generated high-intensity electron beams, performed on the 1 MA pulsed power generator at the Nevada Terawatt Facility, and the feasibility of a novel method for inferring the total kinetic energy in the beam, through time-resolved measurements of the beam-induced shock that propagates through the anode.</p>

<p> Ionizing radiation poses a significant challenge for human and robotic space missions. Practical luminescent sensors will depend heavily upon research investigating the resistance of these materials to ionizing radiation and the ability to anneal or self-heal the damage caused by such radiation. In 1951, Birks and Black experimentally showed that the luminescent efficiency of anthracene bombarded by alpha particles varies with total fluence. From 1990 to the present, we found that the Birks and Black relation describes the reduction in light emission yield for every tested luminescent material except lead phosphate glass due to proton irradiation. These results indicate that radiation produced quenching centers compete with emission for absorbed energy. The purpose of this thesis is to present new results from related luminescent materials by exposing them to a 1-3 MeV proton beam. Particular emphasis will be placed on recent measurements made with bright luminescent materials, such as zinc sulfide doped with manganese (ZnS:Mn), europium tetrakis dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (EuD4TEA), an magnesium tetrakis dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (MgD4TEA). This research can be used to help determine if luminescent materials can be used as a real-time sensor to detect ionizing radiation.</p>

<p> Neutrons produced deuterium Z-pinch plasmas are widely acknowledged to be a consequence of highly accelerated deuterons undergoing nuclear fusion with relatively stationary deuterons. The acceleration is thought to occur in intense fields created in the MHD instabilities that punctuate the plasma column. Interestingly, the energies of the accelerated ions exceed the applied voltage across the electrode gap. We use the 1 MA Zebra pulsed-power generator at the Nevada Terawatt Facility (NTF) to explore this poorly understood fast neutron production mechanism by creating deuterium Z-pinches in three distinct types of target loads. The loads are a cylindrical shell of deuterium gas, the far less explored deuterided palladium wire arrays, and a deuterium-carbon ablated laser plume target, which is unique to the NTF. </p><p> The pinch dynamics vary considerably in these three targets and provide the opportunity to explore the ion acceleration mechanism. We infer the characteristics of the accelerating fields from a wide range of diagnostic data including the neutron yield, energy spectrum and angular distribution, and the properties of the matching electron beams that are accelerated in the same field, and the energetic X-rays they produce on stopping. The plasma and the instabilities were recorded on several high-speed imaging diagnostics along with time-integrated soft (&lt;10 keV) X-ray pinhole images. The three load types produced total neutron yields in the 10⁸&ndash;10¹⁰ n/pulse range. The synchronization we observe between the ion and electron beams and the development of instabilities leads us to conrm the acceleration hypothesis. We also present the characteristics of the fields and ion beams in these varied pinches.</p>

Chu Wai-man, Louis. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: leaves 86-87.

Les éléments de parois des réacteurs de fusion nucléaire sont soumis à de forts flux de chaleur, des disruptions du plasma et des forts flux des particules. Cette interaction donne lieu à la dégradation de la performance globale des matériaux, diminue la durée de vie des composants et a une forte influence sur la performance du plasma. Un des gros problèmes des interactions plasma-surface est la formation de bulles dans les matériaux, et de cloques en surface. En effet, la formation des bulles et des cloques modifie les propriétés du matériaux et favorise la rétention d’hydrogène. Les expériences ont montré que ce phénomène est influencé par plusieurs paramètres tels que l’énergie des ions impactant la surface, la fluence du plasma, la microstructure et la direction cristallographique des matériaux. Ce travail se concentre sur l’analyse de la dynamique de croissance des bulles et des cloques due à l’exposition à un plasma d’hydrogène dans des matériaux avec un système cristallin cubique et une faible solubilité de l’hydrogène, i.e. l’aluminium. Cela fournit un contexte approprié pour comprendre les phénomènes liés à la structure cristallographique dans des systèmes hexagonaux plus complexes tels que le béryllium. Afin d’effectuer les expériences, les échantillons sont polis et soumis à un traitement thermique pour obtenir un matériau de base de basse rugosité sans contraintes. Par la suite, les échantillons ont été exposés à un plasma d’hydrogène entièrement caractérisé dans lequel plusieurs paramètres ont été variés, tels quel’énergie ionique incidente, la fluence du plasma et la nature de l’exposition. Ce dernier point a été réalisé afin d’étudier les effets de la contrainte, de la relaxation et du refroidissement sur la formation de bulles et de cloques, étant donné que les réacteurs plasma de fusion actuels fonctionnent en cycles au lieu de l’exposition continue au plasma. De plus, la microstructure et l’orientation cristallographique des matériaux ont été investiguées au cours des expériences.L’analyse de l’orientation cristallographique a été effectuée en utilisant des monocristaux{100}, {110} and {111}. Cela permet d’étudier la morphologie des cloques sans l’effet des joints des grains et de poser les bases pour comprendre les systèmes de cristaux hexagonaux.Finalement, afin de comprendre la dynamique de l’hydrogène dans les matériaux, un modèle d’équations macroscopiques 1D avec un code appelé Hydrogen Isotope Inventory Processes Code (HIIPC) a été utilisé. Ce modèle permet de prédire la quantité des isotopes d’hydrogène(HI) retenue dans les matériaux et les processus physiques impliqués dans cette interaction, / Plasma facing components in fusion reactors are exposed to intense thermal loads, plasma disruptions and high-flux particle bombardment. This leads to a plasma wall interactionthat degrades the overall performance of the materials, limits the lifetime of the components and has a strong influence on the plasma performance. One problem derived from plasmawall interactions is bubble and blister formation in materials. This poses a great concern since it changes the material properties and favors hydrogen isotope (HI) retention. Since tritium, a HI, is radioactive, its inventory is quite limited. Experiments have shown that surface modifications are highly influenced by several parameters such incident ion energy,fluence and crystallographic orientation. This work focuses on analyzing blister and bubble dynamics due to hydrogen plasma exposure in materials with a cubic crystal system and alow hydrogen solubility (i.e. Al and W). This provides a suitable background to understand phenomena related to crystallographic structure in hexagonal systems such as beryllium. In order to perform the experiments, the samples were polished and submitted to a heat treat mentto obtain a well-defined low-roughness base material. Afterwards, they were exposedto a fully characterized hydrogen plasma in which several parameters were varied, such asincident ion energy, fluence and discharge regime. The latter was performed in order to studythe effects stress, relaxation and cooling have on bubble and blister formation given tha tcurrent plasma reactors work in cycles instead of continuous plasma exposure. In addition,the microstructure and crystallographic orientation of the materials was varied during the experiments. The analysis of crystallographic orientation were performed by using {100},{110} and {111} single crystals. This allows studying blister morphology without the effect of grain boundaries and setting the basis to understand hexagonal crystal systems. Finally, in order to understand hydrogen dynamics in materials a 1D macroscopic rate equations model with a code named Hydrogen Isotope Inventory Processes Code (HIIPC) was used. This model allows predicting the amount of retained HI’s in materials and the physical processes involved in this interaction such as HI implantation, migration, depth distribution and their release. The results obtained with HIIPC support the results obtained in the experimental section and contribute in the understanding of hydrogen dynamics in material.

<p>The work presented in this thesis involves experimental and theoretical studies related to plasma properties in high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), and more specifically plasma transport. HiPIMS is an ionized PVD method based on conventional direct current magnetron sputtering (dcMS). In dcMS very little of the sputtered material is ionized since the plasma power density is not high enough. This is not the case for HiPIMS, where a substantial part is ionized, and thus presents many new opportunities for thin film growth. Understanding the dynamics of the charged species in the HiPIMS discharge is therefore of essential value when producing high-quality thin film coatings.</p><p>In the first part of the work a new type of anomalous electron transport was found. Investigations of the transport resulted in the discovery that this phenomenon could quantitatively be described as being related and mediated by highly nonlinear waves, likely due to the modified two-stream instability (MTSI), resulting in electric field oscillations in the MHz-range (the so-called lower hybrid frequency). Measurements in the plasma confirmed these oscillations as well as trends predicted by the theory of these types of waves. The degree of anomalous transport in the plasma could also be determined by measuring the current density ratio between the azimuthal current density (of which the Hall current density is one contribution) and the discharge current density, <em>J</em><em>φ</em><em> / J</em><em>D</em>. The results provided important insights into understanding the mechanism behind the anomalous transport.</p><p>It was furthermore found that the current ratio <em>J</em><em>φ</em><em> / J</em><em>D</em> is inversely proportional to the transverse resistivity, eta_perpendicular , which governs how well momentum is transferred from the electrons to the ions in the plasma. By looking at the forces involved in the charged particle transport it was expected that the azimuthally rotating electrons would exert a volume force on the ions tangentially outwards from the circular race track region. The effect of having an anomalous transport would therefore be a large fraction of highly energetic ions being transported sideways and lost to the walls. In a series of experiments, deposition rates as well as incoming ion energy distributions were measured directly at the side of the magnetron. It was found that a substantial fraction of sputtered material is transported radially away from the cathode and lost to the walls in HiPIMS as well as dcMS, but more so for HiPIMS giving one possible explanation to why the deposition rate for substrates placed in front of the target is lower for HiPIMS compared to dcMS. Furthermore, the recorded, incoming ion energy distributions confirmed theoretical estimations on this type of transport regarding energy and direction.</p>

Proefschrift--Faculteit der wiskunde en natuurwetenschappen en die der geneeskunde--Leiden--Universiteit, 2003. / Bibliogr. p. 192.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Queensland, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references.