Asymmetric jets are becoming more prevalent and may offer significant advantages over traditional axisymmetric nozzles for propulsion as well as fluidic mixing applications. The purpose of this work is two fold: 1) to investigate the effect nozzle exit geometry has on jet development and far field radiated noise of M = 0:9 jets and 2) to study the effect various levels of screech tone self excitation has on jet evolution and the production of streamwise vorticity. Three converging nozzles of various exit geometry (rectangular, elliptic, and round) were utilized to perform the first study, while a supersonic rectangular nozzle was employed to complete the second. All asymmetric nozzles in this work had an aspect ratio of 4:1. To study the flow field features, two dimensional streamwise particle image velocimetry (PIV) as well as three component PIV at select cross planes was performed. Far field acoustic measurements were acquired for the converging nozzles to determine the differences exhibited in the radiated exhaust noise from the major and minor axes of the asymmetric jets compared to the round jet. In comparing the effect exit geometry has on the development of a M = 0:9 jet, it was determined that the shear layers in the major and minor axes developed at similar rates, however, the jet half width in the minor axis exhibited a larger growth rate than the major axis. It was also determined that neither of the asymmetric sonic jets exhibited the axis-switching phenomenon within the measurement domain. Significant streamwise vorticity is noted on the low speed side of the shear layer for the asymmetric jets in the corner regions and areas of small curvature. Moreover, this streamwise vorticity was observed to significantly effect the jet half width in the major axis of the elliptic jet. Acoustic results reveal that there is a strong dependence on frequency range concerning the amount of energy propagated to the far field for each different jet and axis. At low frequencies, the round jet is louder than both axes of the asymmetric jets at polar angles larger than 110°. As the investigated range of frequencies is increased, the primary direction of propagation of noise shifts towards sideline angles for all jets and axes. At the highest range of frequencies investigated, the minor axis of the asymmetric jets produced more noise compared to the equivalent round jet while considerably less noise is produced at polar angles of about 120° – 130° in the major axis direction. Overall sound pressure levels (OASPL) show that the OASPL from the rectangular jet in the plane containing the major axis is lower than the equivalent round jet for aft quadrant angles; the main contributor to the overall reduction is from the highest frequency components. In order to determine the impact screech tone amplitude has on jet development, flow field characteristics of a moderate aspect ratio supersonic rectangular jet were examined at two overexpanded, a perfectly expanded, and an underexpanded jet conditions. The underexpanded and one overexpanded operating condition were of maximum screech, while the second overexpanded condition was of minimum screech intensity. The results show that streamwise vortices present at the nozzle corners along with vortices excited by screech tones play a major role in the jet evolution. The location of streamwise vortex amplification in cases of screech is strongly tied to the downstream shock cell number and the traditional source of the screech tone. All cases except for the perfectly expanded operating condition exhibited axis switching at streamwise locations ranging from 11 to 16 nozzle heights, h, downstream of the exit. The overexpanded condition of maximum screech showed the most upstream switch over, while the underexpanded case showed the farthest downstream. Both of the maximum screeching cases developed into a diamond cross sectional profile far downstream of the exit, while the ideally expanded case maintained a rectangular shape. The overexpanded minimum screeching case eventually decayed into an oblong profile. / A Thesis submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. / Spring Semester 2016. / March 30, 2016. / Asymmetric Jets, Jet Noise, Mixing Enhancement, Particle Image Velocimetry / Includes bibliographical references. / Rajan Kumar, Professor Directing Thesis; Farrukh Alvi, Committee Member; Shangchao Lin, Committee Member.

In response to the increasing demand for jet noise studies performed at realistic conditions, the Florida Center For Advanced Aero-Propulsion at Florida State University has recently brought online an upgraded Anechoic High-Temperature Jet Facility. The function of this facility is to accurately simulate and characterize the aeroacoustic properties of exhaust from jet engines at realistic temperatures and flow speeds. This new addition is a blow-down facility supplied by a 3500 kPa, 114 cubic meter compressed dry air system and a sudden-expansion ethylene burner that is capable of producing ideally expanded jets up to Mach 2.6 and stagnation temperatures up to 1500 K. The jet exhausts into a fully anechoic chamber which is equipped to acquire acoustic and flow measurements including the temperature and pressure of the jet. The facility is capable of operating under free jet as well as in various impinging jet configurations pertinent to sea- and land-based aircraft, such as the F-35B. Compared to the original facility, the updated rig is capable of longer run times at higher temperatures. In this paper we demonstrate the facility's experimental capabilities and document jet aeroacoustic characteristics at various flow and temperature conditions. The anechoic chamber was characterized using ISO (3745:2003) guidelines and the lower cutoff frequency of the chamber was determined to be 315 Hz. Aeroacoustic properties of jets operating at subsonic conditions and supersonic Mach numbers ranging from 1.2 to 2.1 at temperatures of ~300 K to ~1300 K are documented. Where available, very good agreement was found when the present results were compared with data in the jet noise literature. / A Thesis submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. / Fall Semester 2016. / November 11, 2016. / Acoustics, aerospace, Engineering, Facility Validation, FCAAP, Supersonic / Includes bibliographical references. / Farrukh Alvi, Professor Directing Thesis; Rajan Kumar, Committee Member; Emmanuel Collins, Committee Member.

Elongated particles in fluid flows are a big part of the world we are living in. Gaining knowledge on how particles behave in different fluid flows can potentially increase the efficiency of industrial processes and decrease the world's energy consumption as well as improve the properties of future materials. In this thesis, the orientation of elongated particles in two different flows are studied. The first case is a dilute fibre suspension in a turbulent flow and the second case is a semi-dilute fibril dispersion in a laminar flow. The fibres (cellulose acetate) are at least three orders of magnitude larger than the fibrils (nano-fibrillated cellulose). The turbulent flow case is half of a full channel flow, characterised by the friction Reynolds number, and is experimentally examined. This experiment is closely related to the papermaking process. Laser Doppler velocimetry measurements are preformed without fibres in order to make sure that the flow is turbulent and fully developed. Images of the fibres in the flow are acquired using a CCD-camera, from which it is possible to detect the fibres in an image processing step and extract both the positions and orientations of the fibres. A large parameter study is carried out, where the aspect ratio of the fibres, concentration and Reynolds number are changed. Short fibres are observed to align perpendicular to the flow, while the longer fibres are found to align in the flow direction. The fibres are also seen to accumulate in streamwise streaks, believed to be caused by velocity structures in the turbulent flow. The second flow case studied focusses on a semi-dilute dispersion in a laminar flow. It includes both experiments and numerical calculations of the fibril orientation. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that it is possible to control the fibril orientation with a fluid. In a semi-dilute dispersion, fibrils are interacting. However, no flocs or networks are formed. A flow focusing apparatus is used in order to hydrodynamically accelerate the dispersion with an outer fluid (sheath) flow. The mean orientation in the flow direction is experimentally studied by detecting the birefringence of the flowing dispersion. The orientation distribution is calculated by solving the Smoluchowski equation. The fibrils are seen to align in the flow direction both in the experiments and the calculations. Moreover, the alignment is found to increase with increasing acceleration. / QC 20120607

The collision threshold pressure (CTP), i.e. the smallest amount of subglottal pressure needed for vocal fold collision, has been explored as a possible complement or alternative to the now commonly used phonation threshold pressure (PTP), i.e. the smallest amount of subglottal pressure needed to initiate and sustain vocal fold oscillation. In addition, the effects of vocal warm-up (Paper 1) and vocal loading (Paper 2) on the CTP and the PTP have been investigated. Results confirm previous findings that PTP increases with an increase in fundamental frequency (F0) of phonation and this is true also for CTP, which on average is about 4 cm H2O higher than the PTP. Statistically significant increases of the CTP and PTP after vocal loading were confirmed and after the vocal warm-up, the threshold pressures were generally lowered although these results were significant only for the females. The vocal loading effect was minor for the two singer subjects who participated in the experiment of Paper 2. In Paper 3, the now commonly used audio spectral tilt (AST) is measured on the vowels of a large database (5277 sentences) containing speech of one male Swedish actor. Moreover, the new measure electroglottographic spectral tilt (EST) is calculated from the derivatives of the electroglottographic signals (DEGG) of the same database. Both AST and EST were checked for vowel dependency and the results show that while AST is vowel dependent, EST is not. Paper 4 reports the findings from a perception experiment on Swedish accents performed on 47 Swedish native speakers from the three main parts of Sweden. Speech consisting of one sentence chosen for its prosodically interesting properties and spoken by 72 speakers was played in headphones. The subjects would then try to locate the origin of every speaker on a map of Sweden. Results showed for example that the accents of the capital of Sweden (Stockholm), Gotland and southern Sweden were the ones placed correctly to the highest degree. / QC 20100915

This thesis deals with noise from wind turbines and low-frequency traffic noise. The aim was to gain practical experience by using different measurement techniques, where the wind noise was measured by emission, immission, ambisonic and binaural recordings. Both examined wind turbines have tonal components at 500Hz and 2000Hz. From the traffic noise one could notice two strong peaks in the 1/3 octave band at 50Hz and 63Hz. The investigation of it showed that the lower peak at 50Hz came from automobiles while the one at 63Hz were from heavy trucks. The binaural recordings were used in a listening test. A listening test was conducted where 15 test subjects estimated how annoying the noise is in relation to pink noise. The result showed that the annoyance level were higher for sound containing tonal components.

The Reduction of engine noise, one of the primary noise sources in trucks and busses, is essential in order to fulfill various noise emission regulations such as ISO 362 [1]. At the same time, it is equally important to meet market demands in order to attract new customers while competing with other brands to lower overall noise levels. Sound power is a convenient descriptor of noise emissions when compared to sound pressure it is not dependent on the distance from the source and the surrounding environment. A number of standards for sound power measurement exist, requiring different methods, tools and environments. In engine development at Scania the sound power level is measured for different engine types for noise level determination and comparison purposes. Additionally, attempts to reduce noise through modifications of engine parts require many iterations in which sound pressures recorded at specific microphone positions are of primary interest. The necessity of running each engine at different speeds and load conditions with various modifications during development (combined with time restrictions) narrows down the choices to ISO 3745 which involves measuring sound power with stationary microphones. Despite ISO3745 apparent ease of use, prerequisites such as the number of microphones, the distance limitation of the microphones and free field conditions often pose a practical challenge. In Scania’s anechoic chamber it is impossible to meet these requirements due to limitations inherent to the room design such as size, poor absorption and limited space on the underside of the engine. This thesis comprises engine acoustic simulations in Nastran together with various measurements. Based on these, guidelines for power calculation have been developed taking into account the level of uncertainty and correction factors.

On account of LN Akustikmiljö AB, the sound energy absorption of various rooms was estimated using two methods; by measuring the steady-­‐state sound pressure levels in the rooms when excited by a reference sound source and by measuring the reverberation time. The reason for the comparison was that the reverberation time was not always a satisfactory measure of the acoustical performance of rooms, even though it was the only requirement in Swedish standard SS 25268:2007[1]. Thus, it was suggested to try alternative methods to measure the acoustical performance of the rooms. Measurements were performed in 18 rooms with varying volume and acoustical treatment. The equivalent absorption area of each room was calculated from both methods. Comparison between the two methods showed large differences in the equivalent absorption area; however which value was the best representation of the actual real situation is a complex problem, which varies with the dimensions and acoustical treatment of the room and the frequency band and will need further research.

New noise regulations for civil aviation restrict the sound level that engines can emit to a great extent. Acoustic liners are the most widespread solution in order to damp sound in aircraft engines. Usually the Linearised Euler equations (LEE) are used to calculate the sound propagation through the engine. In addition, the viscous effects close to the near wall region, where the acoustic liner is located, are considered by the Myers impedance boundary condition. However, this boundary condition has been proved to be ill-posed and to not fully capture the viscous acoustics. Hence, a different approach is taken by using the full Linearised Navier-Stokes equations. In order to assess the validity of this method a computational model is created to reproduce the experimental work done by Aurégan et.al. where the scattering matrix of a two source model is measured and time domain simulations are done using LEE and Myers boundary condition in order to compare them. An improvement, with respect to the inviscid time domain simulations, is achieved when the upstream educed impedance values are used. Therefore, the Myers impedance boundary condition can still be used in numerical impedance eduction codes and the obtained values render good results if a viscous solution is adopted. Also, considering a viscous solution implies that both the hydrodynamic and the acoustic boundary layer need to be resolved. Nonetheless, the latter is very small compared to the hydrodynamic one and its inclusion will result in a very fine mesh that might increase the computational time. Thus, a second study is done in order to assess the importance of the acoustic boundary layer in these calculations, and to determine if some assumption can be applied in order to reduce the computational effort. To that purpose, all the simulations are done in the frequency domain since it is a lighter computational method than the time domain. Results of this second test case show that the resolution of the acoustic boundary layer is not a crucial factor in order to achieve an accurate solution.

In a coastal area, an alluvial lowland river has a free connection with the open sea and its flow is bidirectional. The river basin is often highly urbanized since it hosts valuable ecosystems and natural resources. Along with the growing population, climate change and human activities (e.g., industrialization, agricultural expansion, and fishery industry) pose a significant threat to the health of the river, leading to an unbalance of the flow and the sedimentation and also a considerable degradation of water quality. With long-term alluvial processes, the river often displays patterns such as meandering, braided, straight, wandering and anastomosing. In addition to the irregular geometry and bathymetry, a tidal river is typically influenced by the freshwater-saltwater interplay, which makes the hydrodynamic processes and sediment transport patterns extremely complicated. For many tidal river systems, cohesive sediment transported with the tides plays an important role. This is not only because of its interaction with flow but also due to its link to bed deformation. In this thesis, field measurements and numerical simulations of flow and sedimentation in a system, including a confluence and a meandering reach are presented and discussed. The numerical simulations are performed with the Delft3D package, which allows a coupling between complex river geometry, the bathymetry, the flow and the sediment boundaries in one module. Two morpho-dynamic models, a 2D depth-averaged model for the confluence and a 3D model for the meandering reach, are set up to disclose the fluvial processes in respective area. The objective of this thesis is, by means of extensive field measurements and numerical simulations, investigate flow features and sediment movement patterns in a tidal river. A comparatively long-term river-bed change, including a scour-hole at the confluence and asymmetric cross-sections at the bends, are also examined. Based on the perturbation theory, an improved sediment carrying capacity formula is also derived being suitable for calculations in a tidal environment. This study explores the variability of sediment transport, and reveals the relationship between the flow velocity and suspended load influenced by both the run-off and the tides. Their interactions also generate a different morphological regime as compared to a non-tidal river reach. This research may support a decision‐making process when considering the integrated tidal river management and it also provides a reference for other similar situations. The calibrated and validated model may therefore be a powerful tool for managers or researchers.

Dispersed multiphase flows occur in many biological, engineering and geophysical applications such asfluidized beds, soot particle dispersion and pyroclastic flows. Understanding the behavior of suspensionsis a very difficult task. Indeed particles may differ in size, shape, density and stiffness, theirconcentration varies from one case to another, and the carrier fluid may be quiescent or turbulent.When turbulent flows are considered, the problem is further complicated due to the interactionsbetween particles and eddies of different size, ranging from the smallest dissipative scales up to thelargest integral scales. Most of the investigations on the topic have dealt with heavy small particles (typicallysmaller than the dissipative scale) and in the dilute regime. Less is known regarding the behavior ofsuspensions of finite-size particles (particles that are larger than the smallest lengthscales of the fluid phase). In the present work, we numerically study the behavior of suspensions of finite-size rigid spheres indifferent flows. In particular, we perform Direct Numerical Simulations using an ImmersedBoundary Method to account for the solid phase. Firstly is investigated the sedimentation of particles slightly larger than theTaylor microscale in sustained homogeneous isotropic turbulence and quiescent fluid. The results show thatthe mean settling velocity is lower in an already turbulent flow than in a quiescent fluid. By estimatingthe mean drag acting on the particles, we find that non stationary effects explain the increased reductionin mean settling velocity in turbulent environments. We also consider a turbulent channel flow seeded with finite-size spheres. We change the solid volumefraction and solid to fluid density ratio in an idealized scenario where gravity is neglected. The aim isto independently understand the effects of these parameters on both fluid and solid phases statistics.It is found that the statistics are substantially altered by changes in volume fraction, while the main effectof increasing the density ratio is a shear-induced migration toward the centerline. However, at very high density ratios (~100) the two phases decouple and the particles behave as a dense gas. Finally we study the rheology of confined dense suspensions of spheres in simple shear flow. We focus onthe weakly inertial regime and show that the suspension effective viscosity varies non-monotonically with increasingconfinement. The minima of the effective viscosity occur when the channel width is approximately an integernumber of particle diameters. At these confinements, the particles self-organize into two-dimensional frozen layers thatslide onto each other. / <p>QC 20151130</p>