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The opening section describes the development of the instrument from an existing Raman spectrometer operating in the visible region with Ar-ion laser excitation. In the first part of this section the steps carried out to improve the performance of the visible Raman system are outlined. In the second part, the development of the near-IR Raman system is described. The near-IR region was used because the radiation in this region has insufficient energy to induce a molecular transition to an electronically excited state and hence cause fluorescence. The system comprised of a Nd-YAG laser as a source in conjunction with a Ge detector. In the third part, the computer programs written to increase the capabilities of the data manipulation software are described. In the second section, a comparison is made of the near-IR system with Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy, this being the most widely used technique used today to overcome the fluorescence problem. A wide range of samples were investigated and conclusions drawn concerning the future applicability of the near-IR dispersive technique. The third section describes the applications of the dispersive system: (a) to study the complexing of BBr₃ with (i) PBr₃ and (ii) P₄S₃; (b) to study, in conjunction with IR spectroscopy, the complexing of Me₂SnCl₂ with a range of pyridine and quinoline derivatives.

Recent archaeological excavations at the early urban settlement of Early Bronze Age III Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel presented the opportunity to reconstruct the life-history of basalt ground stone artefacts. In specific, this investigation sought to establish the nature of production, distribution, consumption, and discard associated with these commodities. This study involved a provenance analysis using XRF, a typological analysis, a morphometric analysis, and a spatial analysis. The results indicate that the basalt sources in the northeastern sub-regions of the southern Levant were locally exploited for the small-scale production of basalt artefacts by non-specialised artisans. These commodities were redistributed to Tell es-Safi/Gath residents by a centralised authority. The role Tell es-Safi/Gath played in these long-distance exchange networks indicates the socio-economic prominence this settlement held in the Shephelah. This results further demonstrate the potential of ground stone artefacts for understanding the behaviour and daily life of non-elite people.

This study employs Cognitive Linguistics to determine the foundational elements of the ancient Israelitesâ concept of teaching as reflected in the text of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) and Ben Sira, a significant post-biblical Hebrew book interested in teaching and wisdom. It analyses four prominent lexemes that comprise a lexical set referring to the act of teaching: ××¨× -H (yrh in the Hiphil stem), ××× -D (lmd in the Piel stem), ×××¢ -H (yd` in the Hiphil stem), and ×סר -D (ysr in the Piel stem). The thesis concludes that, in its most basic form, the concept of teaching in ancient Israel was that a teacher creates the conditions in which learning can occur. The methodology employed in this project is built on a premise of cognitive studies, namely, that because teaching is a universal human activity, there is a universal concept of teaching: one person A recognises that another person B lacks knowledge, belief, skills, and the like (or has incomplete or distorted knowledge, etc.), and person A attempts to bring about a changed state of knowledge, belief, or skill in person B. This universal concept provides the starting place for understanding the concept of teaching that Biblical Hebrew reflects, and it also forms the conceptual base against which the individual lexemes are profiled. The study incorporates a micro-level analysis and a macro-level analysis. At the micro-level, each lexeme is examined with respect to its linguistic forms (the linguistic analysis) and the contexts in which the lexeme occurs (the conceptual analysis). The linguistic analysis considers the clausal constructions of each instantiation and determines what transitivity, ditransitivity, or intransitivity contributes to the meaning. Collocations of the lexeme, including prepositional phrases, adverbial adjuncts, and parallel verbs, are evaluated for their contribution to meaning. The conceptual analysis of each lexeme identifies the meaning potential of each word, as well as what aspect of the meaning potential each instantiation activates. The study then determines the lexemeâs prototypical meaning, which is profiled on the base of the universal concept of teaching. This step of profiling represents an important adaptation of the Cognitive Linguistics tool of profiling to meet the special requirements of working with ancient texts in that it profiles prototype meanings, not instantiations. In the macro-analysis, the data of all four lexemes in the lexical set are synthesised. The relationships among the lexemes are assessed in order to identify the basic level lexeme and consider whether the lexemes form a folk taxonomy. Finally, the profiles of the four prototype meanings are collated and compared in order to describe the ancient Israelite concept of teaching. The study finds that the basic level item of the lexical set is ××× -D (lmd-D) based on frequency of use and distribution. In its prototypical definition, ××× -D (lmd-D) means to intentionally put another person in a state in which s/he can acquire a skill or expertise through experience and practice. In contrast to this sustained kind of teaching, the prototypical meaning of ××¨× -H (yrd-H) is situational in nature: a person of authority or expertise gives specific, situational instruction to someone who lacks knowledge about what to do. The lexemes ×סר -D (ysr-D) and ×××¢ -H (yd`-H) represent the most restricted and the most expansive lexemes, respectively: the prototypical meaning of ×סר -D (ysr-D) is to attempt to bring about changed behavior in another person through verbal or physical means, often to the point of causing pain; the prototypical meaning of ×××¢ -H (yd`-H) is that a person of authority causes another person to be in a state of knowing something from the divine realm or related to experiences with the divine realm. The study determines that while the four lexemes of the Biblical Hebrew lexical set âto teachâ have significant semantic overlap, they cannot be construed in a folk taxonomy because the words are not related in a hierarchical way.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1989. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [275]-286).

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Oulu, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 182-193). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Th. M.)--Dallas Theological Seminary, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-46).

Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology,İzmir, 2003 / Includes bibliographical references (leaves. 81-84).